🔆 The Kamchatka Quake & the Ring of Fire
📍 What Happened?
✅ A massive 8.8 magnitude earthquake struck the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia’s far-east, on July 30, 2025
✅ It triggered 3–4 metre tsunami waves along Kamchatka and parts of Hawaii, though no casualties were reported
✅ It’s one of the strongest earthquakes in recorded history, part of the Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt (aka Ring of Fire)
📍 Ring of Fire: World’s Most Seismically Active Zone
✅ Accounts for 80% of world’s strongest earthquakes
✅ Formed by subduction zones where oceanic plates collide with continental plates
✅ Countries affected: Japan, US (Alaska & West Coast), Russia, Indonesia, Chile, Philippines, New Zealand, etc.
📍 Kamchatka’s Seismic Significance
✅ Kamchatka and Kuril Islands are among the most earthquake-prone zones
✅ Region has seen 130+ magnitude 7+ earthquakes since 1900
✅ The July 30 quake was second only to Japan’s 2011 Tohoku quake (9.1) in the last 20 years
📍 Other Active Earthquake Belts
✅ Himalayan Belt – less active than the Ring of Fire but highly destructive due to shallow focus
✅ Mid-Atlantic Ridge – mostly undersea, moderate intensity
📍 Why No Casualties This Time?
✅ Region is sparsely populated (0.62 people/km²)
✅ No major tsunami impact despite high magnitude
✅ Shows importance of disaster-resilient infrastructure
#Earthquake #RingOfFire #Kamchatka #SeismicZones #disaster_management #GS1 #Geography
📍 What Happened?
✅ A massive 8.8 magnitude earthquake struck the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia’s far-east, on July 30, 2025
✅ It triggered 3–4 metre tsunami waves along Kamchatka and parts of Hawaii, though no casualties were reported
✅ It’s one of the strongest earthquakes in recorded history, part of the Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt (aka Ring of Fire)
📍 Ring of Fire: World’s Most Seismically Active Zone
✅ Accounts for 80% of world’s strongest earthquakes
✅ Formed by subduction zones where oceanic plates collide with continental plates
✅ Countries affected: Japan, US (Alaska & West Coast), Russia, Indonesia, Chile, Philippines, New Zealand, etc.
📍 Kamchatka’s Seismic Significance
✅ Kamchatka and Kuril Islands are among the most earthquake-prone zones
✅ Region has seen 130+ magnitude 7+ earthquakes since 1900
✅ The July 30 quake was second only to Japan’s 2011 Tohoku quake (9.1) in the last 20 years
📍 Other Active Earthquake Belts
✅ Himalayan Belt – less active than the Ring of Fire but highly destructive due to shallow focus
✅ Mid-Atlantic Ridge – mostly undersea, moderate intensity
📍 Why No Casualties This Time?
✅ Region is sparsely populated (0.62 people/km²)
✅ No major tsunami impact despite high magnitude
✅ Shows importance of disaster-resilient infrastructure
📝 Prelims Question
Q. The “Ring of Fire” is associated with:
A. Deserts and drought-prone zones
B. Frequent volcanic eruptions and earthquakes ✅
C. Major oil reserves
D. Large-scale deforestation zones
🖋️ Mains Question (GS1 – Geography)
Q. Explain the geographical features and tectonic processes responsible for the frequent seismic activity along the Circum-Pacific Belt. Why is the Kamchatka region significant in this context?
#Earthquake #RingOfFire #Kamchatka #SeismicZones #disaster_management #GS1 #Geography
🔆 Lessons from the Cholas: More Than Temples
📍 What PM Modi Highlighted
✅ At the Aadi Thiruvathirai festival in Tamil Nadu, PM recalled the legacy of Rajendra Chola I & Rajaraja Chola I.
✅ Praised the Cholas for their role in trade expansion, maritime strength, and defence of sovereignty.
✅ The celebration marked 1,000 years of Rajendra Chola’s maritime expedition to SE Asia.
📍 Beyond Heritage: Governance Model
✅ Chola contributions include:
▪️ Water management
▪️ Tax & land revenue systems
▪️ Decentralised democratic processes
📍 Temple Architecture as Civic Learning
✅ Temples like Brihadisvara have stood tall for over 1,000 years, even in seismic zones.
✅ Archaeologists believe their superstructure offers modern engineering insights on disaster resilience.
✅ Useful for modern India facing frequent civic collapses & earthquakes.
📍 Democracy at Grassroots
✅ Despite the 73rd & 74th Amendments, many local bodies lack elected reps even in big cities.
✅ The Chola model of empowered local governance offers a historic template for reform.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Statues alone won’t suffice — India must revive Chola-style administrative excellence.
✅ Water resource management, especially in flood-prone deltas like Cauvery basin, is a vital lesson.
#ArtAndCulture #UPSC2025 #GovernanceReforms
📍 What PM Modi Highlighted
✅ At the Aadi Thiruvathirai festival in Tamil Nadu, PM recalled the legacy of Rajendra Chola I & Rajaraja Chola I.
✅ Praised the Cholas for their role in trade expansion, maritime strength, and defence of sovereignty.
✅ The celebration marked 1,000 years of Rajendra Chola’s maritime expedition to SE Asia.
📍 Beyond Heritage: Governance Model
✅ Chola contributions include:
▪️ Water management
▪️ Tax & land revenue systems
▪️ Decentralised democratic processes
📍 Temple Architecture as Civic Learning
✅ Temples like Brihadisvara have stood tall for over 1,000 years, even in seismic zones.
✅ Archaeologists believe their superstructure offers modern engineering insights on disaster resilience.
✅ Useful for modern India facing frequent civic collapses & earthquakes.
📍 Democracy at Grassroots
✅ Despite the 73rd & 74th Amendments, many local bodies lack elected reps even in big cities.
✅ The Chola model of empowered local governance offers a historic template for reform.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Statues alone won’t suffice — India must revive Chola-style administrative excellence.
✅ Water resource management, especially in flood-prone deltas like Cauvery basin, is a vital lesson.
📝 Prelims Question
Which of the following are true about the Chola dynasty’s governance contributions?
1. They maintained detailed temple records but lacked local governance.
2. They had an advanced water management and taxation system.
3. Chola temples exhibit earthquake-resistant architecture.
Select the correct answer:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. All of the above
✅ Answer: B
🖋️ Mains Question
The Chola dynasty is often celebrated for its architectural heritage. Discuss how their administrative and civic systems offer lessons for modern India, especially in local governance and disaster resilience. (250 words)
#ArtAndCulture #UPSC2025 #GovernanceReforms
🔆 Divya Deshmukh Becomes India’s 1st Women’s World Cup Champion in Chess
📍 Historic Victory
✅ Divya Deshmukh (19) wins the FIDE Women’s World Cup in Batumi, Georgia.
✅ Defeated Koneru Humpy in tiebreaks — Humpy is World No. 5 and a legend in Indian chess.
✅ Four Indian women reached the quarterfinals — a record performance.
📍 Major Milestones
✅ Divya becomes:
▪️ India’s 88th Grandmaster (GM)
▪️ Only the 4th Indian woman GM after Humpy, D. Harika, R. Vaishali
✅ Won World Junior Championship (2023) & led India to gold in Chess Olympiad (Budapest).
📍 Emulating Anand
✅ Only Indian to win World Cup before: Viswanathan Anand (2002).
✅ Divya & Humpy now qualify for the Candidates Tournament — a step toward the World Championship.
📍 India’s Chess Boom
✅ Last year: 5 Indians (3 men, 2 women) featured in Candidates.
✅ D. Gukesh, at 18, became youngest World Champion (2024), dethroning Ding Liren.
📝 Prelims Question
Which of the following statements is/are true?
1. Divya Deshmukh is India’s first woman to win the FIDE Women’s World Cup.
2. She became the first Indian woman Grandmaster.
3. Viswanathan Anand was the first Indian to win the Chess World Cup in 2002.
Select the correct answer:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. All of the above
✅ Answer: B
🖋️ Mains Question
Indian chess is witnessing a golden era led by young prodigies. Discuss how institutional support, global exposure, and role models have contributed to India’s recent success in global chess tournaments. (150 words)
#WomenInSports #UPSC2025 #ChessIndia
📍 Historic Victory
✅ Divya Deshmukh (19) wins the FIDE Women’s World Cup in Batumi, Georgia.
✅ Defeated Koneru Humpy in tiebreaks — Humpy is World No. 5 and a legend in Indian chess.
✅ Four Indian women reached the quarterfinals — a record performance.
📍 Major Milestones
✅ Divya becomes:
▪️ India’s 88th Grandmaster (GM)
▪️ Only the 4th Indian woman GM after Humpy, D. Harika, R. Vaishali
✅ Won World Junior Championship (2023) & led India to gold in Chess Olympiad (Budapest).
📍 Emulating Anand
✅ Only Indian to win World Cup before: Viswanathan Anand (2002).
✅ Divya & Humpy now qualify for the Candidates Tournament — a step toward the World Championship.
📍 India’s Chess Boom
✅ Last year: 5 Indians (3 men, 2 women) featured in Candidates.
✅ D. Gukesh, at 18, became youngest World Champion (2024), dethroning Ding Liren.
📝 Prelims Question
Which of the following statements is/are true?
1. Divya Deshmukh is India’s first woman to win the FIDE Women’s World Cup.
2. She became the first Indian woman Grandmaster.
3. Viswanathan Anand was the first Indian to win the Chess World Cup in 2002.
Select the correct answer:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. All of the above
✅ Answer: B
🖋️ Mains Question
Indian chess is witnessing a golden era led by young prodigies. Discuss how institutional support, global exposure, and role models have contributed to India’s recent success in global chess tournaments. (150 words)
#WomenInSports #UPSC2025 #ChessIndia
🔆 India’s First Outreach to Post-Assad Syria
📍 What Happened?
✅ India reached out to the Syrian provisional government under President Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa (aka Abu Mohammad al-Jolani)
✅ First formal contact after the fall of Bashar al-Assad in December 2024, ending a 25-year rule
📍 Diplomatic Engagement
✅ Indian delegation led by Suresh Kumar, Joint Secretary (West Asia & North Africa)
✅ Met with Foreign Minister Asaad Hassan al-Shaibani and Health Minister Musaab al-Ali
✅ Held constructive dialogue on mutual interests and bilateral cooperation
📍 India’s Position
✅ India supports a “Syrian-led” political process to resolve the ongoing crisis
✅ Seeks to expand cooperation in:
• Pharmaceutical sector
• Medical training
• Humanitarian aid
📍 Medical & Humanitarian Aid
✅ India handed over 5 MT of life-saving medicines, including:
• Anticancer drugs
• Antibiotics
• Anti-hypertensives
✅ Focus on training medical personnel to help Syria’s war-affected population
📍 Background
✅ India had long maintained ties with the Syrian Arab Republic during Assad’s rule
✅ Assad and his father ruled Syria from 1970 to 2024
#IR #UPSC2025 #IndiaSyria #WestAsiaDiplomacy
📍 What Happened?
✅ India reached out to the Syrian provisional government under President Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa (aka Abu Mohammad al-Jolani)
✅ First formal contact after the fall of Bashar al-Assad in December 2024, ending a 25-year rule
📍 Diplomatic Engagement
✅ Indian delegation led by Suresh Kumar, Joint Secretary (West Asia & North Africa)
✅ Met with Foreign Minister Asaad Hassan al-Shaibani and Health Minister Musaab al-Ali
✅ Held constructive dialogue on mutual interests and bilateral cooperation
📍 India’s Position
✅ India supports a “Syrian-led” political process to resolve the ongoing crisis
✅ Seeks to expand cooperation in:
• Pharmaceutical sector
• Medical training
• Humanitarian aid
📍 Medical & Humanitarian Aid
✅ India handed over 5 MT of life-saving medicines, including:
• Anticancer drugs
• Antibiotics
• Anti-hypertensives
✅ Focus on training medical personnel to help Syria’s war-affected population
📍 Background
✅ India had long maintained ties with the Syrian Arab Republic during Assad’s rule
✅ Assad and his father ruled Syria from 1970 to 2024
📝 Prelims Question
Which of the following countries has India recently re-established official diplomatic contact with after a change in leadership in 2024?
A. Iran
B. Syria
C. Israel
D. Yemen
✅ Answer: B
🖋️ Mains Question
Discuss the significance of India’s engagement with the post-Assad regime in Syria. How can India balance humanitarian aid and strategic interests in West Asia’s volatile environment? (250 words)
#IR #UPSC2025 #IndiaSyria #WestAsiaDiplomacy
Sabarmati River:
✅It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan near Udaipur and meets in the Bay of Khambhat in Arabian sea.
✅It is bounded by the Aravalli Hills in the north and north-east, the Rann of Kutch in the west, and the Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
✅The major part of the basin is covered with agriculture, accounting for 74.68% of the total area.
✅Tributaries: Wakal, the Hathmati, Vatrak, Sei
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅It is a monsoon-fed river that originates in the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan near Udaipur and meets in the Bay of Khambhat in Arabian sea.
✅It is bounded by the Aravalli Hills in the north and north-east, the Rann of Kutch in the west, and the Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
✅The major part of the basin is covered with agriculture, accounting for 74.68% of the total area.
✅Tributaries: Wakal, the Hathmati, Vatrak, Sei
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Environment Shankar ias Book short notes and newspaper Crisp notes for prelims & mains
CLICK HERE TO JOIN
CLICK HERE TO JOIN
💡 Model Skill Loan Scheme – Revamped for Future-Ready Workforce
📅 Launched: 25 July 2024
📍 Ministry: Skill Development & Entrepreneurship + Education
✅ Higher Loan Limit – Increased from ₹1.5 lakh ➡️ ₹7.5 lakh to cover high-end skill courses
✅ Wider Lending Network – Now includes:
• Public & private banks
• Foreign banks (IBA members)
• NBFCs, NBFC-MFIs, Small Finance Banks
✅ Expanded Course Coverage – Not just NSQF-aligned, but also other courses onboarded on Skill India Digital Hub
✅ Govt Guarantee – Loans backed by a government-promoted fund to reduce lending risk
✅ Beneficiaries – ~25,000 students annually
✅ Future-Readiness – Supports skill training in line with emerging tech & job market .
#goverment_schemes
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_government_scheme
📅 Launched: 25 July 2024
📍 Ministry: Skill Development & Entrepreneurship + Education
✅ Higher Loan Limit – Increased from ₹1.5 lakh ➡️ ₹7.5 lakh to cover high-end skill courses
✅ Wider Lending Network – Now includes:
• Public & private banks
• Foreign banks (IBA members)
• NBFCs, NBFC-MFIs, Small Finance Banks
✅ Expanded Course Coverage – Not just NSQF-aligned, but also other courses onboarded on Skill India Digital Hub
✅ Govt Guarantee – Loans backed by a government-promoted fund to reduce lending risk
✅ Beneficiaries – ~25,000 students annually
✅ Future-Readiness – Supports skill training in line with emerging tech & job market .
#goverment_schemes
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_government_scheme
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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🔆 Shree Anna for Shreshta Bharat – India’s Millet Revolution
📍 Why in News?
✅ India produced 180.15 lakh tonnes of millets in 2024–25 – 4.43 lakh tonnes more than the previous year.
✅ Rajasthan leads in production; Bajra accounts for 60.3% of total output.
✅ Exports: 89,165 tonnes worth $37 million.
📍 Key Government Initiatives
✅ National Food Security Mission – Nutri Cereals: Covers 28 States & 2 UTs; supports seed distribution, demos, farm mechanisation.
✅ MSP boost: Ragi MSP (2025–26) hiked by ₹596/quintal – 2nd highest increase.
✅ PM-FME Scheme: ₹2,000 crore to formalise millet-based micro food units.
✅ PLISMBP: ₹800 crore to promote millet RTE/RTC products (≥15% millet content).
✅ Export Push: APEDA-led promotion, ₹80 crore allocation, dedicated portal, Export Promotion Forum.
✅ R&D: ICAR–IIMR Hyderabad as Global Centre of Excellence on Millets.
✅ Public Distribution: Millets allowed under PM-GKAY & NFSA in place of wheat/rice.
📍 State Innovations
✅ Odisha Millet Mission – Ragi revival, millet cafes, conditional cash transfers.
✅ Chhattisgarh Millet Mission – Tribal inclusion, decentralised processing.
✅ Haryana BBY – Price compensation for Bajra (up to ₹600/qtl).
✅ AP Drought Mitigation Project – FPO-led promotion of minor millets.
📍 Why Millets?
✅ Climate-resilient, require low inputs, adaptable to diverse soils.
✅ Rich in protein, fibre, minerals; low glycaemic index – suitable for diabetics & gluten intolerant.
📍 Why in News?
✅ India produced 180.15 lakh tonnes of millets in 2024–25 – 4.43 lakh tonnes more than the previous year.
✅ Rajasthan leads in production; Bajra accounts for 60.3% of total output.
✅ Exports: 89,165 tonnes worth $37 million.
📍 Key Government Initiatives
✅ National Food Security Mission – Nutri Cereals: Covers 28 States & 2 UTs; supports seed distribution, demos, farm mechanisation.
✅ MSP boost: Ragi MSP (2025–26) hiked by ₹596/quintal – 2nd highest increase.
✅ PM-FME Scheme: ₹2,000 crore to formalise millet-based micro food units.
✅ PLISMBP: ₹800 crore to promote millet RTE/RTC products (≥15% millet content).
✅ Export Push: APEDA-led promotion, ₹80 crore allocation, dedicated portal, Export Promotion Forum.
✅ R&D: ICAR–IIMR Hyderabad as Global Centre of Excellence on Millets.
✅ Public Distribution: Millets allowed under PM-GKAY & NFSA in place of wheat/rice.
📍 State Innovations
✅ Odisha Millet Mission – Ragi revival, millet cafes, conditional cash transfers.
✅ Chhattisgarh Millet Mission – Tribal inclusion, decentralised processing.
✅ Haryana BBY – Price compensation for Bajra (up to ₹600/qtl).
✅ AP Drought Mitigation Project – FPO-led promotion of minor millets.
📍 Why Millets?
✅ Climate-resilient, require low inputs, adaptable to diverse soils.
✅ Rich in protein, fibre, minerals; low glycaemic index – suitable for diabetics & gluten intolerant.
UPSC Prelims Practice Qs
1. Consider the following pairs:
1. Foxtail millet – Nutri-Cereals under NFSM
2. Ragi – Odisha Millet Mission
3. Bajra – Bhavantar Bharpayee Yojana in Haryana
Which of the above is/are correctly matched?
a) 1 & 2 only
b) 2 & 3 only
c) 1, 2 & 3
d) 1 & 3 only
UPSC Mains Qs
1. Discuss the role of millets in ensuring climate-resilient agriculture and nutritional security in India. Illustrate with recent government schemes.