BM | IELTS 9.0

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The Omaha Nation had lived for generations along the broad sweep of the Missouri River. Their lives there followed the seasons, an old and steady rhythm of summers spent in agricultural villages where they tended corn, beans, and squash, and the colder months on the plains in pursuit of the buffalo. In cultural practice, they maintained a carefully ordered clan system and a diplomatic tradition that placed great value on consensus and balance, reflecting their broader belief in maintaining harmony both within the tribe and with their neighbors.
But by the mid-19th century, U.S. westward expansion had brought immense pressure on the tribe to cede their homelands. In 1854, the Omaha signed a treaty giving up most of their territory and establishing a reservation along the Missouri River in northeast Nebraska. This area would be reduced again in subsequent agreements. Life as they had known it was profoundly altered, with decisions about their governance now under the authority of the U.S. Indian Agency, and often in competition with the long-held tradition of rule by chiefs.

Vocabulary:

broad sweep – wide stretch

tended – cared for or grew (crops)

in pursuit of – chasing or searching for

clan system – family-based social structure

consensus – general agreement

harmony – peaceful balance

immense pressure – extremely strong force or influence

cede – give up territory

treaty – formal agreement between groups/governments

profoundly altered – deeply changed

governance – the way a community is ruled

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#morningread

The Omaha Nation had lived for generations along the broad sweep of the Missouri River. Their lives there followed the seasons, an old and steady rhythm of summers spent in agricultural villages where they tended corn, beans, and squash, and the colder months on the plains in pursuit of the buffalo. In cultural practice, they maintained a carefully ordered clan system and a diplomatic tradition that placed great value on consensus and balance, reflecting their broader belief in maintaining harmony both within the tribe and with their neighbors.
But by the mid-19th century, U.S. westward expansion had brought immense pressure on the tribe to cede their homelands. In 1854, the Omaha signed a treaty giving up most of their territory and establishing a reservation along the Missouri River in northeast Nebraska. This area would be reduced again in subsequent agreements. Life as they had known it was profoundly altered, with decisions about their governance now under the authority of the U.S. Indian Agency, and often in competition with the long-held tradition of rule by chiefs.

Vocabulary:

broad sweep – wide stretch

tended – cared for or grew (crops)

in pursuit of – chasing or searching for

clan system – family-based social structure

consensus – general agreement

harmony – peaceful balance

immense pressure – extremely strong force or influence

cede – give up territory

treaty – formal agreement between groups/governments

profoundly altered – deeply changed

governance – the way a community is ruled

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