#Food_Preservatives are substances added to food to prevent or slow down spoilage and maintain natural colours and flavours.
Two reasons for food spoilage
• Microbial contamination
• Fats reacting with oxygen (oxidation)
Preservative criteria
• Non-toxic
• Functional
• Flavourless
• Economical
Sorbic acid - It is a food preservative which protects many food varieties from yeast and mold spoilage. It is an organic compound, with naturally strong antimicrobial capabilities.
Sodium benzoate - It is a food preservative commonly used in fruit pies, jams, beverages, salads, foods with acidic pH.
It is used in processed foods to prevent the growth of bacteria or fungus that could spoil the food.
Citric Acid - Its acidic pH makes it useful as a food preservative and preserves the color of the food since it significantly slows the oxidation.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is not a food preservative.
It is a food additive, which is used as a flavour enhancer commonly added to Chinese food, canned vegetables, soups and processed meats.
Two reasons for food spoilage
• Microbial contamination
• Fats reacting with oxygen (oxidation)
Preservative criteria
• Non-toxic
• Functional
• Flavourless
• Economical
Sorbic acid - It is a food preservative which protects many food varieties from yeast and mold spoilage. It is an organic compound, with naturally strong antimicrobial capabilities.
Sodium benzoate - It is a food preservative commonly used in fruit pies, jams, beverages, salads, foods with acidic pH.
It is used in processed foods to prevent the growth of bacteria or fungus that could spoil the food.
Citric Acid - Its acidic pH makes it useful as a food preservative and preserves the color of the food since it significantly slows the oxidation.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is not a food preservative.
It is a food additive, which is used as a flavour enhancer commonly added to Chinese food, canned vegetables, soups and processed meats.
Highest mountains of the seven continents.
1⃣ North America - Mt. Denali
2⃣ South America - Mt. Aconcagua
3⃣ Africa - Mt. Kilimanjaro
4⃣ Europe - Mt. Elbrus
5⃣ Asia - Mt. Everest
6⃣ Australia - Mt. Kosciusko
7⃣ Antarctica - Vinson Massif
Climbing to the summit of all of these mountains is regarded as a mountaineering challenge, first achieved on 30 April 1985 by Richard Bass.
Completing the Seven Summits + reaching the north and south poles is known as the Explorers Grand Slam.
1⃣ North America - Mt. Denali
2⃣ South America - Mt. Aconcagua
3⃣ Africa - Mt. Kilimanjaro
4⃣ Europe - Mt. Elbrus
5⃣ Asia - Mt. Everest
6⃣ Australia - Mt. Kosciusko
7⃣ Antarctica - Vinson Massif
Climbing to the summit of all of these mountains is regarded as a mountaineering challenge, first achieved on 30 April 1985 by Richard Bass.
Completing the Seven Summits + reaching the north and south poles is known as the Explorers Grand Slam.
#SargassoSea is a region of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by 4 ocean currents forming an ocean gyre.
1) Gulf Stream on the west
2) North Atlantic Drift on the north
3) Canary Current on the east
4) North Atlantic Equatorial Current on the south
Unlike all other seas, it has no land boundaries. It is the only sea in the world which has no coast. It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown seaweed called Sargassum and often calm blue water.
Sargasso Sea is famous for its floating seaweed that covers large swathes of ocean. But it also boasts an astounding wealth of biodiversity that has earned it the nickname "The Floating Rainforest of the Sea."
The four ocean currents together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre. Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea.
The four ocean currents deposit the marine plants and refuse which they are carrying into this sea, yet the ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to 61m
1) Gulf Stream on the west
2) North Atlantic Drift on the north
3) Canary Current on the east
4) North Atlantic Equatorial Current on the south
Unlike all other seas, it has no land boundaries. It is the only sea in the world which has no coast. It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown seaweed called Sargassum and often calm blue water.
Sargasso Sea is famous for its floating seaweed that covers large swathes of ocean. But it also boasts an astounding wealth of biodiversity that has earned it the nickname "The Floating Rainforest of the Sea."
The four ocean currents together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre. Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea.
The four ocean currents deposit the marine plants and refuse which they are carrying into this sea, yet the ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to 61m
List of countries by length of coastline
1) Canada's coastline is world's longest, measuring 202,080 km (includes the mainland coast and the coasts of offshore islands)
2) Indonesia (99,083 km)
3) Norway (58,133 km)
4) Greenland* (44,087 km)
5) Russia (37,653 km)
6) Philippines (36,289 km)
7) Japan (29,751 km)
8) Australia (25,760 km)
9) United States (19,924 km)
10) Antarctica* (17,968 km)
11) New Zealand (15, 134 km)
12) China (14,500 km)
13) Greece (13,676 km)
14) United Kingdom (12,429 km)
15) Mexico (9330 km)
16) Italy (7782 km)
17) India (7516km)
1) Canada's coastline is world's longest, measuring 202,080 km (includes the mainland coast and the coasts of offshore islands)
2) Indonesia (99,083 km)
3) Norway (58,133 km)
4) Greenland* (44,087 km)
5) Russia (37,653 km)
6) Philippines (36,289 km)
7) Japan (29,751 km)
8) Australia (25,760 km)
9) United States (19,924 km)
10) Antarctica* (17,968 km)
11) New Zealand (15, 134 km)
12) China (14,500 km)
13) Greece (13,676 km)
14) United Kingdom (12,429 km)
15) Mexico (9330 km)
16) Italy (7782 km)
17) India (7516km)
#Amensalism is a type of species interaction, usually between different species, in which one species is inhibited or destroyed, while the other stays unaffected.
For example, negative impact of one organism on another based on release of a specific chemical compound -
Production of antibiotic streptomycin by ants to control fungal parasites.
For example, negative impact of one organism on another based on release of a specific chemical compound -
Production of antibiotic streptomycin by ants to control fungal parasites.
Aravalli is one of the oldest mountain ranges of the world and oldest among India's mountain ranges.
It emerged during Archaean era.
The Aravalli Range extends approximately 800km from Gujarat-Rajasthan-Haryana-Delhi.
The natural history of the Aravalli Range dates back to times when the Indian Plate was separated from the Eurasian Plate by an ocean.
It emerged during Archaean era.
The Aravalli Range extends approximately 800km from Gujarat-Rajasthan-Haryana-Delhi.
The natural history of the Aravalli Range dates back to times when the Indian Plate was separated from the Eurasian Plate by an ocean.
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#UP लेखपाल के 8085 पदों पर विज्ञापन #UPSSSC Recruitment
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@uppcs
https://www.tgoop.com/+U_0DhHjE2q1lOGE1
https://www.tgoop.com/sarkaarinaukari
@uppcs
Biofertilzier is a substance containing living microorganisms.
It can be applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil.
Biofertilizer improves the supply of primary nutrients like nitrogen, Phosphorous etc. to the host plant, and thereby promotes its growth.
It can be applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil.
Biofertilizer improves the supply of primary nutrients like nitrogen, Phosphorous etc. to the host plant, and thereby promotes its growth.
Pulicat Lagoon is the second largest brackish water lagoon in India, after Chilika Lake.
The lake encompasses the Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary.
Flamingo festival is an annual festival held in the Pulicat Lake.
The lake encompasses the Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary.
Flamingo festival is an annual festival held in the Pulicat Lake.
Biomethanation is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas.
◾️ Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are involved: fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea.
◾️ Biomethanation has strong potential for the production of energy from organic residues and wastes.
◾️ It will help to reduce the use of fossil fuels and thus reduce CO(2) emission.
Join @UPSCPrelimsBaba
◾️ Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are involved: fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea.
◾️ Biomethanation has strong potential for the production of energy from organic residues and wastes.
◾️ It will help to reduce the use of fossil fuels and thus reduce CO(2) emission.
Join @UPSCPrelimsBaba
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▪️Kuno National Park is located in the Sheopur district of Madhya Pradesh is spread over an area of 748.76 sq. km.
✅Kuno River, one of the major tributaries of Chambal River flows through the entire length bisecting the National Park division. @upscprelimszone
✅Kuno River, one of the major tributaries of Chambal River flows through the entire length bisecting the National Park division. @upscprelimszone
LIST OF IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN PASSES IN INDIA
1. Dungri La Pass - The Dungri la pass or Mana Pass is the high altitude mountain pass and is located in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve of the Zanskar mountain range in the Uttarakhand. It connects India and Tibet.
2. Chang La Pass - Chang La Pass is situated at an elevation of over 5300 m and is one of the highest motorable road in the world which connects Indus Valley to Pangong Lake region. Changtang plateau is known for its high altitude giant lakes and vast highlands of great Himalayas.
3. Debsa Pass - Debsa Pass is situated at an elevation of over 5360 m in the Himalayas. It is a high mountain pass in Greater Himalayas and connects the Kullu and Spiti districts of Himachal Pradesh. Spiti Valley is a desert mountain land between Tibet and India.
4. Karakoram Pass - The Karakoram Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,693 m between India and China in the Karakoram Range. The Karakoram Pass is the oldest route between Leh and Yarkant and is the tallest pass of the Karakoram Mountain Range. The Siachen Glacier is situated in the eastern Karakoram range.
5. Sela Pass - The frozen Sela Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,170 m in Tawang District of Arunachal Pradesh. Sela Pass connects Tawang to rest of India through Tezpur and Guwahati. It receives heavy snowfall in winter but remain opens throughout the year. It is the only Gateway to the Tawang and Buddhist Tawang Monastery.
6. Khardung La Pass - Khardung La Pass Bomdi La 5,800 m. Khardung La Pass is the highest motorable pass and one of the highest motorable road in the country. Khardung La pass is located near Leh in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir.
7. Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel) - Banihal Pass is situated at an elevation of 2,850 m in the Pir-Panjal Range. Banihal Pass connects Jammu with Srinagar. The pass remains covered with snow during the winter season. The Jawahar Tunnel was inaugurated in 1956.
8. Bomdi La Pass - Bomdi La is situated at an elevation of 2600 m to the east of Bhutan in the Greater Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh. It connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa, Tibet.
9. Diphu Pass - Diphu Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,587 m. Diphu Pass is a mountain pass at the tri-point of the borders of India, China, and Burma. It is a traditional pass between India and Myanmar which remains open throughout the year for transportation and trade. Diphu Pass is also a strategic approach to eastern Assam.
10. Khunjerab Pass - Khunjerab Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,693 m. is a high mountain pass in the Karakoram Mountains in a strategic position on the northern border of Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan Hunza - Nagar District on the southwest border of the Xinjiang region of China.
11. Jelep La Pass - Jelep La Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,267 m. This pass connects Sikkim with Lhasa, Tibet.
12. Lipu-Lekh Pass - Lipu-Lekh Pass is situated at an elevation of 5,340 m. It connects the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand in the Pithoragarh district in India with Tibet.
13. Nathu La Pass - Nathu La Pass is a mountain pass in the Himalayas and is situated at an elevation of 4,310 m. It connects Sikkim (India) with China. It is one of the three open trading border posts between India and China, the other two are Shipkila in Himachal Pradesh and Lipulekh in Uttarakhand.
14. Pir-Panjal Pass - is a high mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas around 51 km from Manali. It connects the Kullu Valley with the Lahaul and Spiti Valleys of Himachal Pradesh, India. Manali-Leh Highway, a part of NH 21, transverses Rohtang Pass.
15. Shipki La Pass - is a mountain pass and border post on the India-Tibet border. It is located in Kinnaur district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, and Tibet Autonomous Region in People's Republic of China. Sutlej river enters India (from Tibet) through this pass. It is an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road. It is a border post for trade with China.
16.Zoji La is situated at an elevation of 3,950 m. It connects Srinagar @upscprelimszone
1. Dungri La Pass - The Dungri la pass or Mana Pass is the high altitude mountain pass and is located in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve of the Zanskar mountain range in the Uttarakhand. It connects India and Tibet.
2. Chang La Pass - Chang La Pass is situated at an elevation of over 5300 m and is one of the highest motorable road in the world which connects Indus Valley to Pangong Lake region. Changtang plateau is known for its high altitude giant lakes and vast highlands of great Himalayas.
3. Debsa Pass - Debsa Pass is situated at an elevation of over 5360 m in the Himalayas. It is a high mountain pass in Greater Himalayas and connects the Kullu and Spiti districts of Himachal Pradesh. Spiti Valley is a desert mountain land between Tibet and India.
4. Karakoram Pass - The Karakoram Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,693 m between India and China in the Karakoram Range. The Karakoram Pass is the oldest route between Leh and Yarkant and is the tallest pass of the Karakoram Mountain Range. The Siachen Glacier is situated in the eastern Karakoram range.
5. Sela Pass - The frozen Sela Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,170 m in Tawang District of Arunachal Pradesh. Sela Pass connects Tawang to rest of India through Tezpur and Guwahati. It receives heavy snowfall in winter but remain opens throughout the year. It is the only Gateway to the Tawang and Buddhist Tawang Monastery.
6. Khardung La Pass - Khardung La Pass Bomdi La 5,800 m. Khardung La Pass is the highest motorable pass and one of the highest motorable road in the country. Khardung La pass is located near Leh in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir.
7. Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel) - Banihal Pass is situated at an elevation of 2,850 m in the Pir-Panjal Range. Banihal Pass connects Jammu with Srinagar. The pass remains covered with snow during the winter season. The Jawahar Tunnel was inaugurated in 1956.
8. Bomdi La Pass - Bomdi La is situated at an elevation of 2600 m to the east of Bhutan in the Greater Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh. It connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa, Tibet.
9. Diphu Pass - Diphu Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,587 m. Diphu Pass is a mountain pass at the tri-point of the borders of India, China, and Burma. It is a traditional pass between India and Myanmar which remains open throughout the year for transportation and trade. Diphu Pass is also a strategic approach to eastern Assam.
10. Khunjerab Pass - Khunjerab Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,693 m. is a high mountain pass in the Karakoram Mountains in a strategic position on the northern border of Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan Hunza - Nagar District on the southwest border of the Xinjiang region of China.
11. Jelep La Pass - Jelep La Pass is situated at an elevation of 4,267 m. This pass connects Sikkim with Lhasa, Tibet.
12. Lipu-Lekh Pass - Lipu-Lekh Pass is situated at an elevation of 5,340 m. It connects the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand in the Pithoragarh district in India with Tibet.
13. Nathu La Pass - Nathu La Pass is a mountain pass in the Himalayas and is situated at an elevation of 4,310 m. It connects Sikkim (India) with China. It is one of the three open trading border posts between India and China, the other two are Shipkila in Himachal Pradesh and Lipulekh in Uttarakhand.
14. Pir-Panjal Pass - is a high mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas around 51 km from Manali. It connects the Kullu Valley with the Lahaul and Spiti Valleys of Himachal Pradesh, India. Manali-Leh Highway, a part of NH 21, transverses Rohtang Pass.
15. Shipki La Pass - is a mountain pass and border post on the India-Tibet border. It is located in Kinnaur district in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, and Tibet Autonomous Region in People's Republic of China. Sutlej river enters India (from Tibet) through this pass. It is an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road. It is a border post for trade with China.
16.Zoji La is situated at an elevation of 3,950 m. It connects Srinagar @upscprelimszone
SATELLiTE LAUNChING SATaTIONS iN INDIA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~•••••••~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. ISRO Satellite centre - Bangalore
2. Satish Dhawan Space Centre - Sri Hari Kota, AP
3. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre - Thiruvanathapuram
4. Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching - Thiruvanathapuram
5. Space Applications Centre(SAC) - Ahemdabad
6. Indian Deep Space Network(IDSN)- Bengalure
7. Integrated Test Range ( ITR) - Wheeler's Island (Chandipur), Odisha.
[Note: Wheeler's Island change to APJ Abdul Kalam Island]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~•••••••~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. ISRO Satellite centre - Bangalore
2. Satish Dhawan Space Centre - Sri Hari Kota, AP
3. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre - Thiruvanathapuram
4. Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching - Thiruvanathapuram
5. Space Applications Centre(SAC) - Ahemdabad
6. Indian Deep Space Network(IDSN)- Bengalure
7. Integrated Test Range ( ITR) - Wheeler's Island (Chandipur), Odisha.
[Note: Wheeler's Island change to APJ Abdul Kalam Island]
Important Local Winds of the World
Cold Winds
1. Mistral- Blows in Spain & France from N-W to S-E. Common during winter
2. Bora- Blows along the shores of the Adriatic sea.
3. Blizzard -Snow laden wind in canada.
4. Purga- Snow laden wind in Russian tundra. Much like Buran.
5. Bise- An extremely cold wind in France
6. Levanter- Blows in strait of Gibraltar between Spain & Morocco.
7. Pampero- Pampas of S. America
8. Papagayo -Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
9. Haboob- Sudan
10. Friagem- Amazon Valley
11. Buran -Eastern Russia & central Siberia
12. Norther- Texas, Gulf of Mexico & western carribean
13. Etesian- Eastern Mediterranean.
14. Surazo -Cold wind blowing from Argentinean pampas & Patagonia.
15. Norte -A strong cold northeasterly wind which blows in Mexico.
16. Tehuantepecer -This is a violent, squally wind from north or north-east in S. Mexico.
Hot winds
1. Fohn -Warm & dry local winds blowing on leeward side of Alps in Switzerland.
2. Chinook- Warm & dry local winds blowing on leeward side of Rockies in USA
3. Harmattan -Blowing from east & northeast towards west in Sahara
4. Brickfielder -Victoria province of Australia
5. Black Roller- Great plains of USA
6. Shamal- Mesopotamia & Persian Gulf
7. Norwester- New Zealand
8. Sirocco -From Sahara over Mediterranean. Known as khamsin in Egypt, Chili in Tunisia, Gibli in Libya, Levech in Spain & Leste in Madiera & Morocco.
9. Simoom -Warm & dry dusty wind in the Arabian desert
10. Santa Ana- S. California – blowing out of Santa Ana canyon
11. Yamo -A warm & dry wind in Japan
12. Zonda -A warm & dry wind of the Andean valleys in Argentina
13. Tramontane -A warm wind of central Europe.
14. Samun -Warm wind in Iran
15. Karaburan -Hot dusty wind in central Asia – Tarim basin, Mongolia.
16. Berg- A hot dry wind blowing from interior in South Africa.
17. Shamal -A hot wind of Iraq and the Persian gulf
18. Austru -Dry blows from the lee side of the mountains in Romania (much like fohn).
https://www.tgoop.com/UPSCPrelimsBaba
Cold Winds
1. Mistral- Blows in Spain & France from N-W to S-E. Common during winter
2. Bora- Blows along the shores of the Adriatic sea.
3. Blizzard -Snow laden wind in canada.
4. Purga- Snow laden wind in Russian tundra. Much like Buran.
5. Bise- An extremely cold wind in France
6. Levanter- Blows in strait of Gibraltar between Spain & Morocco.
7. Pampero- Pampas of S. America
8. Papagayo -Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua.
9. Haboob- Sudan
10. Friagem- Amazon Valley
11. Buran -Eastern Russia & central Siberia
12. Norther- Texas, Gulf of Mexico & western carribean
13. Etesian- Eastern Mediterranean.
14. Surazo -Cold wind blowing from Argentinean pampas & Patagonia.
15. Norte -A strong cold northeasterly wind which blows in Mexico.
16. Tehuantepecer -This is a violent, squally wind from north or north-east in S. Mexico.
Hot winds
1. Fohn -Warm & dry local winds blowing on leeward side of Alps in Switzerland.
2. Chinook- Warm & dry local winds blowing on leeward side of Rockies in USA
3. Harmattan -Blowing from east & northeast towards west in Sahara
4. Brickfielder -Victoria province of Australia
5. Black Roller- Great plains of USA
6. Shamal- Mesopotamia & Persian Gulf
7. Norwester- New Zealand
8. Sirocco -From Sahara over Mediterranean. Known as khamsin in Egypt, Chili in Tunisia, Gibli in Libya, Levech in Spain & Leste in Madiera & Morocco.
9. Simoom -Warm & dry dusty wind in the Arabian desert
10. Santa Ana- S. California – blowing out of Santa Ana canyon
11. Yamo -A warm & dry wind in Japan
12. Zonda -A warm & dry wind of the Andean valleys in Argentina
13. Tramontane -A warm wind of central Europe.
14. Samun -Warm wind in Iran
15. Karaburan -Hot dusty wind in central Asia – Tarim basin, Mongolia.
16. Berg- A hot dry wind blowing from interior in South Africa.
17. Shamal -A hot wind of Iraq and the Persian gulf
18. Austru -Dry blows from the lee side of the mountains in Romania (much like fohn).
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🔹Wetlands in India🔹
➖➖➖➖➖➖
01. Ashtamudi Wetland (614 km2)🔸Kerala🔸August 2002 ➖🔸A natural backwater in Kollam district.
02. Vembanad-Kol Wetland (1512.5 km2)🔸Kerala🔸August 2002🔸Largest lake of Kerala, spanning across Alappuzha, Kottayam , and Ernakulam districts.
03. Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary (385 km2)➖🔸Tamil Nadu ➖🔸August 2002➖🔸One of the last remnants of Dry Evergreen Forests.
04. Bhoj Wetland (32 km2)🔸Madhya Pradesh🔸August 2002🔸The Bhoj Wetland consists of two lakes – the Bhojtal & the Lower Lake.
05. Chandra Taal (49 km2)🔸Himachal Pradesh🔸November 2005🔸A high altitude lake on the upper Chandra valley.
06. Chilika Lake (1165 km2)🔸Odisha🔸October 1981🔸Chilka Lake (Chilika Lake) is a brackish water lagoon. Largest coastal lagoon in India & the second largest lagoon in the world.
07. Deepor Beel (40 km2)🔸Assam🔸August 2002🔸Permanent freshwater lake in a former channel of the Brahmaputra river.
08. East Kolkata Wetlands (125 km2)🔸West Bengal 🔸August 2002🔸World-renowned as a model of a multiple use wetland.
09. Harike Wetland (41 km2)➖🔸Punjab➖🔸March 1990➖ 🔸An important site for breeding, wintering and staging birds.
10. Hokera Wetland (13.75 km2)➖🔸Jammu & Kashmir➖ 🔸November 2005➖🔸Located in the northwest Himalayan biogeographic province of Kashmir, back of the snow-draped Pir Panchal.
11. Kanjli Wetland (1.83 km2)➖🔸Punjab➖🔸January 2002➖🔸The stream is considered to be the most significant in the state from the religious point of view, as it is associated with the first guru of the Sikhs, Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
12. Keoladeo National Park (28.73 km2)➖🔸Rajasthan➖ 🔸October 1981➖🔸Placed on the Montreux Record in 1990 due to “water shortage & an unbalanced grazing regime”.
13. Kolleru Lake (901 km2)➖🔸Andhra Pradesh➖🔸August 2002➖🔸Bird sanctuary
14. Loktak Lake (266 km2)➖🔸Manipur➖🔸 March 1990➖ 🔸Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in the north-eastern region of the country. Placed on the Montreux Record.
15. Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary (123 km2)➖🔸Gujarat➖ 🔸September 2012➖🔸A natural freshwater lake (a relict sea) that is the largest natural wetland in the Thar Desert Biogeographic Province.
16. Pong Dam Lake (156.62 km2)➖🔸Himachal Pradesh➖ 🔸August 2002➖🔸A water storage reservoir created in 1975 on the Beas River in the low foothills of the Himalaya on the northern edge of the Indo-Gangetic plain.
17. Renuka Lake (2 km2)➖🔸Himachal Pradesh➖🔸November 2005➖🔸A natural wetland with freshwater springs and inland subterranean karst formations, fed by a small stream flowing from the lower Himalayan out to the Giri river.
18. Ropar Wetland (13.65 km2)➖🔸Punjab➖🔸January 2002🔸A human made wetland of lake and river formed by the 1952 construction of a barrage for diversion of water from the Sutlej River for drinking and irrigation supplies.
19. Rudrasagar Lake (2.4 km2)🔸Tripura➖🔸November 2005➖🔸Also known as Rudijala. Potential important bird area and attracts a large number of waterfowl in winter.
20. Sambhar Lake (240 km2)➖🔸Rajasthan➖🔸March 1990➖🔸India’s largest inland salt lake.
21. Sasthamkotta Lake (3.73 km2)➖Kerala➖August 2002➖ Largest freshwater lake in Kerala, situated in Kollam district.
22. Surinsar-Mansar Lakes (3.5 km2)➖Jammu & Kashmir➖ Nov 2005 The lake supports CITES & IUCN Redlisted Lissemys punctata, Aspideretes gangeticus & Mansariella lacustris.
23. Tsomoriri (120 km2)➖🔸Jammu & Kashmir ➖ 🔸August 2002➖🔸A freshwater to brackish lake lying at 4,595 m above sea level, with wet meadows and borax-laden wetlands along the shores.
24. Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch) (265.9 km2)➖🔸Uttar Pradesh➖🔸November 2005➖🔸The river provides habitat for IUCN Red listed Ganges River Dolphin, Gharial, Crocodile, 6 species of turtles, otters, 82 species of fish & more than hundred species of birds.
25. Wular Lake (189 km2)🔸Jammu & Kashmir🔸March 1990🔸The largest freshwater lake in India.
26. Bhitarkanika Mangroves (650 km2)🔸Odisha Aug 2002🔸 It is famousfor its salt water crocodiles and Olive ridley sea turtle
https://www.tgoop.com/upscprelimscare
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01. Ashtamudi Wetland (614 km2)🔸Kerala🔸August 2002 ➖🔸A natural backwater in Kollam district.
02. Vembanad-Kol Wetland (1512.5 km2)🔸Kerala🔸August 2002🔸Largest lake of Kerala, spanning across Alappuzha, Kottayam , and Ernakulam districts.
03. Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary (385 km2)➖🔸Tamil Nadu ➖🔸August 2002➖🔸One of the last remnants of Dry Evergreen Forests.
04. Bhoj Wetland (32 km2)🔸Madhya Pradesh🔸August 2002🔸The Bhoj Wetland consists of two lakes – the Bhojtal & the Lower Lake.
05. Chandra Taal (49 km2)🔸Himachal Pradesh🔸November 2005🔸A high altitude lake on the upper Chandra valley.
06. Chilika Lake (1165 km2)🔸Odisha🔸October 1981🔸Chilka Lake (Chilika Lake) is a brackish water lagoon. Largest coastal lagoon in India & the second largest lagoon in the world.
07. Deepor Beel (40 km2)🔸Assam🔸August 2002🔸Permanent freshwater lake in a former channel of the Brahmaputra river.
08. East Kolkata Wetlands (125 km2)🔸West Bengal 🔸August 2002🔸World-renowned as a model of a multiple use wetland.
09. Harike Wetland (41 km2)➖🔸Punjab➖🔸March 1990➖ 🔸An important site for breeding, wintering and staging birds.
10. Hokera Wetland (13.75 km2)➖🔸Jammu & Kashmir➖ 🔸November 2005➖🔸Located in the northwest Himalayan biogeographic province of Kashmir, back of the snow-draped Pir Panchal.
11. Kanjli Wetland (1.83 km2)➖🔸Punjab➖🔸January 2002➖🔸The stream is considered to be the most significant in the state from the religious point of view, as it is associated with the first guru of the Sikhs, Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
12. Keoladeo National Park (28.73 km2)➖🔸Rajasthan➖ 🔸October 1981➖🔸Placed on the Montreux Record in 1990 due to “water shortage & an unbalanced grazing regime”.
13. Kolleru Lake (901 km2)➖🔸Andhra Pradesh➖🔸August 2002➖🔸Bird sanctuary
14. Loktak Lake (266 km2)➖🔸Manipur➖🔸 March 1990➖ 🔸Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in the north-eastern region of the country. Placed on the Montreux Record.
15. Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary (123 km2)➖🔸Gujarat➖ 🔸September 2012➖🔸A natural freshwater lake (a relict sea) that is the largest natural wetland in the Thar Desert Biogeographic Province.
16. Pong Dam Lake (156.62 km2)➖🔸Himachal Pradesh➖ 🔸August 2002➖🔸A water storage reservoir created in 1975 on the Beas River in the low foothills of the Himalaya on the northern edge of the Indo-Gangetic plain.
17. Renuka Lake (2 km2)➖🔸Himachal Pradesh➖🔸November 2005➖🔸A natural wetland with freshwater springs and inland subterranean karst formations, fed by a small stream flowing from the lower Himalayan out to the Giri river.
18. Ropar Wetland (13.65 km2)➖🔸Punjab➖🔸January 2002🔸A human made wetland of lake and river formed by the 1952 construction of a barrage for diversion of water from the Sutlej River for drinking and irrigation supplies.
19. Rudrasagar Lake (2.4 km2)🔸Tripura➖🔸November 2005➖🔸Also known as Rudijala. Potential important bird area and attracts a large number of waterfowl in winter.
20. Sambhar Lake (240 km2)➖🔸Rajasthan➖🔸March 1990➖🔸India’s largest inland salt lake.
21. Sasthamkotta Lake (3.73 km2)➖Kerala➖August 2002➖ Largest freshwater lake in Kerala, situated in Kollam district.
22. Surinsar-Mansar Lakes (3.5 km2)➖Jammu & Kashmir➖ Nov 2005 The lake supports CITES & IUCN Redlisted Lissemys punctata, Aspideretes gangeticus & Mansariella lacustris.
23. Tsomoriri (120 km2)➖🔸Jammu & Kashmir ➖ 🔸August 2002➖🔸A freshwater to brackish lake lying at 4,595 m above sea level, with wet meadows and borax-laden wetlands along the shores.
24. Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch) (265.9 km2)➖🔸Uttar Pradesh➖🔸November 2005➖🔸The river provides habitat for IUCN Red listed Ganges River Dolphin, Gharial, Crocodile, 6 species of turtles, otters, 82 species of fish & more than hundred species of birds.
25. Wular Lake (189 km2)🔸Jammu & Kashmir🔸March 1990🔸The largest freshwater lake in India.
26. Bhitarkanika Mangroves (650 km2)🔸Odisha Aug 2002🔸 It is famousfor its salt water crocodiles and Olive ridley sea turtle
https://www.tgoop.com/upscprelimscare