#FreshWater Lake Chad is in the Sahel region of Africa. lake has shrunk nearly 90% over the last 60 years.

Countries surround it are Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon.

Chari River provides 90% of the lake’s water with the help of its tributary the Logone. Despite high levels of evaporation, the lake is freshwater.

Lake Chad is a World Heritage and Ramsar sites as well as wetlands of international conservation importance. The United Nations has termed the Lake Chad crisis as “one of the worst in the world” @UPSCPRELIMSCare

Orbit @UPSCPRELIMSCare

An orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. An object moving around a planet in an orbit is called a satellite. According to the height of satellites from the earth, the orbits can be classified as High Earth orbit, Medium Earth orbit, and Low Earth orbit.

Types

✅Geostationary orbit (GEO)

✅Low Earth orbit (LEO)

✅Medium Earth orbit (MEO)

✅Polar orbit and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO)

✅Transfer orbits and geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)

✅Lagrange points (L-points)
@UPSCPRELIMSCare

Dark Net

✅The darknet refers to encrypted networks on the Internet that are not indexed by search engines such as Google, Yahoo or Bing. It is a layer of the Internet accessible only by using special software like Tor (The Onion Router), or I2P (Invisible Internet Project).

✅These are networks that are only available to a select group of people and not to the general Internet public, and only accessible via authorization, specific software and configurations.

✅This includes harmless places such as academic databases and corporate sites, as well as those with shadier subjects such as black markets, fetish communities, and hacking and piracy.

✅The terms "dark net" and "dark web" are occasionally used interchangeably, but with subtle differences in meaning. Dark net is a network built over the Internet whereas dark web refers to websites on a darknet. @UPSCPRELIMSCare

 Internet of Things (IoT)

-✅describes physical objects (or groups of such objects), that are embedded with sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies, and that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks

✅Internet of things is an integrated system in which devices are connected in a network of information in such a way that they can communicate with each other without any human intervention.

✅It creates an intelligent system of systems which can manage multiple activities of human concern like traffic control, health management, optimal use of electricity and inventory management etc.
@UPSCPRELIMSCare

Superbugs are strains of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that are resistant to most of the antibiotics and other medications commonly used to treat the infections they cause.

Examples of superbugs include resistant bacteria that can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections and skin infections

@UPSCPRELIMSCare

Important Indices/Reports with WEF involved

1) Travel and Tourism Report
2) Global gender Gap Index
3) Global competitiveness Index
4) Energy Transition Index

@UPSCPRELIMSCare

Important Indices/Reports with World Bank involved

1) EoDB
2) Global Economic Prospects
3) Migration and Development Briefs
4) COVID Crisis thru a Migration lens
5) South Asia Economic Focus Report
6) "Ending Learning Poverty" Report
7) Human Capital Index
8) World Development Report
9) Green Bond impact Report

@UPSCPRELIMSCare

Important Indices/Reports with IMF involved

1) Economic performance Index
2) Global financial stability report
3) World Economic Outlook

@UPSCPRELIMSCare

Tripitaka: consists of three books :-

1. #Sutta Pitaka contains the Buddha’s discourses on various doctrinal issues in dialogue form.

2. #Vinaya Pitaka has rules monks and nuns of the sangha (monastic order).

3. #Abhidhamma Pitaka is later work, and contains a thorough study and systemization of the teachings of the Sutta Pitaka.

◼️Three Pitakas are divided into books known as the #Nikayas.

For instance, the Sutta Pitaka consists of five Nikayas— the Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, and Khuddaka Nikayas. @UPSCPRELIMSCare

Private Member's Bills : A Member of Parliament (MP) who is not a Minister in the Union Cabinet is called a Private Member. Bills introduced by such members are called Private Member's Bills. Private Member Bill (PMB) is same as that of a Government Bill. These bills can deal with any issue and can also be a Constitutional Amendment Bill. It can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha @UPSCPRELIMSCare

#Shell_companies are corporate entities which do not have any active business or significant assets in their possession. These companies remain legally registered (but merely on paper), without actually producing goods and services. They are mainly set up for the purposes of tax evasion and money laundering. @UPSCPRELIMSCare

Bonn Convention: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges. India is a signatory to this Convention. @UPSCPRELIMSCare

Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layers. it will help reduce the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), and thus to avoid global warming by up to 0.4°C this century @UPSCPRELIMSCare

42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are:

1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children.

2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.

3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries

4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.