🔆 Nuclear Power in India
📍 Latest Update
✅ NPCIL crosses 50 BUs generation for the first time (FY 2024–25)
✅ Avoided 49 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions
🔆 India’s Nuclear Power Status
✅ Contributes ~3% of electricity (July 2025)
✅ Target: 100 GW by 2047
✅ Follows Three-Stage Nuclear Programme
🔆 Key Initiatives
📍 Nuclear Energy Mission (2025–26)
✅ Focus on R&D of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)
→ SMRs = advanced reactors up to 300 MW(e)
📍 Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs)
✅ 220 MW PHWRs with strong safety record
➡️ PHWR = heavy-water cooled & moderated, uses natural uranium
📍 Recent Achievements
✅ Kakrapar KAPS-3 & 4 → first two 700 MWe indigenous PHWRs operational (2023–24)
✅ Mahi Banswara Project (Rajasthan) → 4×700 MWe PHWR launched
✅ Rawatbhata RAPP-7 → 3rd 700 MWe indigenous PHWR operational (2025)
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
#cse
📍 Latest Update
✅ NPCIL crosses 50 BUs generation for the first time (FY 2024–25)
✅ Avoided 49 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions
🔆 India’s Nuclear Power Status
✅ Contributes ~3% of electricity (July 2025)
✅ Target: 100 GW by 2047
✅ Follows Three-Stage Nuclear Programme
🔆 Key Initiatives
📍 Nuclear Energy Mission (2025–26)
✅ Focus on R&D of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)
→ SMRs = advanced reactors up to 300 MW(e)
📍 Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs)
✅ 220 MW PHWRs with strong safety record
➡️ PHWR = heavy-water cooled & moderated, uses natural uranium
📍 Recent Achievements
✅ Kakrapar KAPS-3 & 4 → first two 700 MWe indigenous PHWRs operational (2023–24)
✅ Mahi Banswara Project (Rajasthan) → 4×700 MWe PHWR launched
✅ Rawatbhata RAPP-7 → 3rd 700 MWe indigenous PHWR operational (2025)
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
#cse
❤1
🔆 RDI Fund to Catalyse India’s Innovation Ecosystem
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt rolling out a ₹1 lakh crore RDI Fund to deepen private-sector R&D and accelerate frontier technologies.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Focus on near-market tech: AI, biotech, clean energy, semiconductors, deep-tech manufacturing
✅ Layered financing model via ANRF, TDB, BIRAC & fund managers
✅ Funding through long-term low-interest loans / equity, not direct grants
✅ Aims to bridge India’s long gap between research and commercialisation
✅ Supports young scientists, convergence centres & industry–academia collaboration
📍 Implications:
✔️ Strengthens tech self-reliance
✔️ Pushes India toward Viksit Bharat@2047 innovation goals
✔️ Moves India from tech consumer → tech creator
✅ Mains Question:
How will the RDI Fund reshape India’s research-to-market pipeline and strengthen technological self-reliance?
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join https://www.tgoop.com/PIB_UPSC
https://www.tgoop.com/upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Why in Focus?
Govt rolling out a ₹1 lakh crore RDI Fund to deepen private-sector R&D and accelerate frontier technologies.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Focus on near-market tech: AI, biotech, clean energy, semiconductors, deep-tech manufacturing
✅ Layered financing model via ANRF, TDB, BIRAC & fund managers
✅ Funding through long-term low-interest loans / equity, not direct grants
✅ Aims to bridge India’s long gap between research and commercialisation
✅ Supports young scientists, convergence centres & industry–academia collaboration
📍 Implications:
✔️ Strengthens tech self-reliance
✔️ Pushes India toward Viksit Bharat@2047 innovation goals
✔️ Moves India from tech consumer → tech creator
✅ Mains Question:
How will the RDI Fund reshape India’s research-to-market pipeline and strengthen technological self-reliance?
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join https://www.tgoop.com/PIB_UPSC
https://www.tgoop.com/upsc_science_and_technology
❤3
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF EPFO CDS NDA
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF EPFO CDS NDA
🗞 Prelims 2026 starts now!!!
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🔆 GlowCas9
📍 What is GlowCas9?
✅ A glowing CRISPR-Cas9 protein developed by Bose Institute, Kolkata
✅ Allows real-time tracking of gene editing inside living cells
📍 How It Works
✅ Cas9 fused with split nano-luciferase (from deep-sea shrimp)
✅ Enzyme pieces stay inactive → activate only when Cas9 folds correctly
➡️ Reassembly → bioluminescent glow (like fireflies) during editing
📍 Key Advantages
✅ Live, real-time visualization of gene editing
✅ Works in cells, tissues, even plant leaves
✅ More stable than standard Cas9 → functions at higher temperatures
➡️ Improved safety & delivery for gene therapy
📍 Applications
✅ Gene therapy: Enhances precision of HDR → useful for diseases like sickle cell anemia, muscular dystrophy
✅ Crop improvement: Can be used in plants; potential non-transgenic applications
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
📍 What is GlowCas9?
✅ A glowing CRISPR-Cas9 protein developed by Bose Institute, Kolkata
✅ Allows real-time tracking of gene editing inside living cells
📍 How It Works
✅ Cas9 fused with split nano-luciferase (from deep-sea shrimp)
✅ Enzyme pieces stay inactive → activate only when Cas9 folds correctly
➡️ Reassembly → bioluminescent glow (like fireflies) during editing
📍 Key Advantages
✅ Live, real-time visualization of gene editing
✅ Works in cells, tissues, even plant leaves
✅ More stable than standard Cas9 → functions at higher temperatures
➡️ Improved safety & delivery for gene therapy
📍 Applications
✅ Gene therapy: Enhances precision of HDR → useful for diseases like sickle cell anemia, muscular dystrophy
✅ Crop improvement: Can be used in plants; potential non-transgenic applications
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
❤5
🔆 National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)
📍 Key Highlights
✅ 37 supercomputers deployed → 40 Petaflops total capacity.
✅ NSM launched in 2015 with ₹4,500 crore; implemented by MeitY + DST + C-DAC + IISc.
✅ 34 systems deployed in last 5 years; 6 more in progress (₹680 cr).
📍 PARAM Rudra — India’s Indigenous HPC Backbone
✅ Built using indigenously designed Rudra servers + Indian system software stack.
✅ Supports 13,000+ researchers, incl. 1,700+ PhD scholars from 260+ institutions.
✅ Systems run at 81–95% utilisation; 1 crore+ compute jobs executed; 1,500+ papers published.
📍 Impact Areas
✅ Drug discovery, climate modelling, disaster forecasting, astronomy, fluid dynamics, AI, materials research, aerospace engineering.
✅ Startups & MSMEs using supercomputers for HPC projects.
📍 Indigenous Tech Achievements
✅ Rudra Server Board developed & transferred to EMS manufacturers — Made in India hardware ecosystem.
✅ High-speed interconnect (40–100 Gbps) developed & deployed.
✅ Indigenous cooling tech validated.
✅ Complete HPC software stack built in-house.
✅ PARAM Shavak (supercomputer-in-a-box) designed for colleges & engineering institutes.
✅ HPC deployed in IMD, ONGC, CWC, CPCB, MoES & others.
📍 Why NSM Matters
✅ Reduces dependency on foreign HPC tech.
✅ Supports India’s ambitions in AI, climate science, national security & advanced research.
✅ Builds a full supercomputing ecosystem — hardware + software + manufacturing.
📍 Mains Question
How does the National Supercomputing Mission contribute to technological self-reliance and scientific advancement in India?
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Key Highlights
✅ 37 supercomputers deployed → 40 Petaflops total capacity.
✅ NSM launched in 2015 with ₹4,500 crore; implemented by MeitY + DST + C-DAC + IISc.
✅ 34 systems deployed in last 5 years; 6 more in progress (₹680 cr).
📍 PARAM Rudra — India’s Indigenous HPC Backbone
✅ Built using indigenously designed Rudra servers + Indian system software stack.
✅ Supports 13,000+ researchers, incl. 1,700+ PhD scholars from 260+ institutions.
✅ Systems run at 81–95% utilisation; 1 crore+ compute jobs executed; 1,500+ papers published.
📍 Impact Areas
✅ Drug discovery, climate modelling, disaster forecasting, astronomy, fluid dynamics, AI, materials research, aerospace engineering.
✅ Startups & MSMEs using supercomputers for HPC projects.
📍 Indigenous Tech Achievements
✅ Rudra Server Board developed & transferred to EMS manufacturers — Made in India hardware ecosystem.
✅ High-speed interconnect (40–100 Gbps) developed & deployed.
✅ Indigenous cooling tech validated.
✅ Complete HPC software stack built in-house.
✅ PARAM Shavak (supercomputer-in-a-box) designed for colleges & engineering institutes.
✅ HPC deployed in IMD, ONGC, CWC, CPCB, MoES & others.
📍 Why NSM Matters
✅ Reduces dependency on foreign HPC tech.
✅ Supports India’s ambitions in AI, climate science, national security & advanced research.
✅ Builds a full supercomputing ecosystem — hardware + software + manufacturing.
📍 Mains Question
How does the National Supercomputing Mission contribute to technological self-reliance and scientific advancement in India?
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
❤2🔥1
🔆 Why Human-Rating Matters for Gaganyaan
📍 Key Takeaways
✅ Human-rating = rigorous engineering + certification ensuring a launch vehicle can safely carry humans.
✅ Requires redundancy, fault-tolerance, robust abort mechanisms, life-support reliability, and extensive testing.
✅ Human-rated systems must meet an extremely low failure probability (~0.2% risk of catastrophic loss).
✅ Much harder than cargo missions: rockets face extreme vibration, heat, pressure changes, and cannot abort easily like aircraft.
✅ Globally, only a few vehicles are human-rated: Russia’s Soyuz, China’s Long March 2F, SpaceX Falcon 9 + Crew Dragon.
✅ India is human-rating the LVM-3 for Gaganyaan — with upgraded engines, multiple redundancies, crew escape system, and extensive testing.
✅ Once certified, it will be renamed HLVM-3 and used to carry Indian astronauts into space.
📍 Mains Question
What is human-rating in space missions? Discuss why it is technologically challenging and critically important for India’s Gaganyaan programme.
#GS3 #science_technology
#science_and_technology
📍 Key Takeaways
✅ Human-rating = rigorous engineering + certification ensuring a launch vehicle can safely carry humans.
✅ Requires redundancy, fault-tolerance, robust abort mechanisms, life-support reliability, and extensive testing.
✅ Human-rated systems must meet an extremely low failure probability (~0.2% risk of catastrophic loss).
✅ Much harder than cargo missions: rockets face extreme vibration, heat, pressure changes, and cannot abort easily like aircraft.
✅ Globally, only a few vehicles are human-rated: Russia’s Soyuz, China’s Long March 2F, SpaceX Falcon 9 + Crew Dragon.
✅ India is human-rating the LVM-3 for Gaganyaan — with upgraded engines, multiple redundancies, crew escape system, and extensive testing.
✅ Once certified, it will be renamed HLVM-3 and used to carry Indian astronauts into space.
📍 Mains Question
What is human-rating in space missions? Discuss why it is technologically challenging and critically important for India’s Gaganyaan programme.
#GS3 #science_technology
#science_and_technology
🔆 Aditya-L1 Reveals Why the 2024 Solar Storm Behaved Unusually
📍 Breakthrough Discovery
✅ India’s Aditya-L1, working with six U.S. satellites, explained the odd behaviour of the May 2024 solar storm (Gannon’s storm).
📍 What Made the Storm Unusual?
❗ Two CMEs collided in space, squeezing each other so hard that their magnetic field lines snapped and rejoined — a rare process called magnetic reconnection.
➡️ This sudden magnetic reversal made the storm much stronger than expected.
📍 Why Aditya-L1 Was Crucial
✅ Precise magnetic-field measurements mapped the reconnection zone.
➡️ Size of breakup region: 1.3 million km across — 100× the size of Earth.
⚡ First-ever observation of such a massive magnetic breakup inside a CME.
📍 Why It Matters
✅ Helps scientists understand how solar storms evolve as they travel toward Earth.
➡️ Improves prediction for impacts on satellites, communication systems, GPS, and power grids.
📍 Mains Question
How has Aditya-L1 advanced our understanding of solar storm dynamics, and why is this significant for space-weather forecasting?
#GS3 #Space
📍 Breakthrough Discovery
✅ India’s Aditya-L1, working with six U.S. satellites, explained the odd behaviour of the May 2024 solar storm (Gannon’s storm).
📍 What Made the Storm Unusual?
❗ Two CMEs collided in space, squeezing each other so hard that their magnetic field lines snapped and rejoined — a rare process called magnetic reconnection.
➡️ This sudden magnetic reversal made the storm much stronger than expected.
📍 Why Aditya-L1 Was Crucial
✅ Precise magnetic-field measurements mapped the reconnection zone.
➡️ Size of breakup region: 1.3 million km across — 100× the size of Earth.
⚡ First-ever observation of such a massive magnetic breakup inside a CME.
📍 Why It Matters
✅ Helps scientists understand how solar storms evolve as they travel toward Earth.
➡️ Improves prediction for impacts on satellites, communication systems, GPS, and power grids.
📍 Mains Question
How has Aditya-L1 advanced our understanding of solar storm dynamics, and why is this significant for space-weather forecasting?
#GS3 #Space
❤4
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🔆 DSC A20 — India’s First Indigenous Diving Support Craft
📍 Current Update
✅ Indian Navy to commission DSC A20 on 16 Dec 2025 at Kochi
📍 About DSC A20
✅ First indigenously designed & built Diving Support Craft (DSC)
✅ Part of 5-vessel DSC series for the Indian Navy
✅ Built by: Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd (TRSL), Kolkata
✅ Based at: Kochi
✅ Operates under Southern Naval Command
📍 Role & Operations
✅ Diving operations
✅ Underwater inspection
✅ Rescue & salvage support
✅ Coastal operational deployment
📍 Design & Features
✅ Catamaran hull → superior stability & seakeeping
✅ Larger deck area; ~390 tonnes displacement
✅ Built as per Indian Register of Shipping (Naval Rules)
✅ Equipped with advanced, high-safety diving systems
📍 Significance
✅ Major boost to Aatmanirbhar Bharat
✅ Strengthens indigenous underwater support capabilities
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Current Update
✅ Indian Navy to commission DSC A20 on 16 Dec 2025 at Kochi
📍 About DSC A20
✅ First indigenously designed & built Diving Support Craft (DSC)
✅ Part of 5-vessel DSC series for the Indian Navy
✅ Built by: Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd (TRSL), Kolkata
✅ Based at: Kochi
✅ Operates under Southern Naval Command
📍 Role & Operations
✅ Diving operations
✅ Underwater inspection
✅ Rescue & salvage support
✅ Coastal operational deployment
📍 Design & Features
✅ Catamaran hull → superior stability & seakeeping
✅ Larger deck area; ~390 tonnes displacement
✅ Built as per Indian Register of Shipping (Naval Rules)
✅ Equipped with advanced, high-safety diving systems
📍 Significance
✅ Major boost to Aatmanirbhar Bharat
✅ Strengthens indigenous underwater support capabilities
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
❤3🔥1
🔆 Supernova
📍 Why in News
✅ JWST observed one of the earliest recorded supernovae
✅ JWST: NASA–ESA–CSA mission, orbits at L2, observes in infrared
📍 What is a Supernova?
✅ Explosion of a star, releasing immense energy
✅ Key source of heavy elements in the universe
📍 Major Types
✅ Core-Collapse Supernova
✅ Massive star (5–8× Sun) exhausts fuel → gravity wins → collapse
✅ Leaves neutron star or black hole (if ~10× Sun) + nebula
✅ Thermal Runaway (Type Ia)
✅ In binary system with a white dwarf
✅ White dwarf accretes too much matter or collides → explosion
✅ White dwarf = remnant of Sun-like star
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Why in News
✅ JWST observed one of the earliest recorded supernovae
✅ JWST: NASA–ESA–CSA mission, orbits at L2, observes in infrared
📍 What is a Supernova?
✅ Explosion of a star, releasing immense energy
✅ Key source of heavy elements in the universe
📍 Major Types
✅ Core-Collapse Supernova
✅ Massive star (5–8× Sun) exhausts fuel → gravity wins → collapse
✅ Leaves neutron star or black hole (if ~10× Sun) + nebula
✅ Thermal Runaway (Type Ia)
✅ In binary system with a white dwarf
✅ White dwarf accretes too much matter or collides → explosion
✅ White dwarf = remnant of Sun-like star
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
🔆 Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Project
📍 Project Status
✅ AERB has cleared Initial Fuel Click Me Load More (IFL), First Approach to Criticality (FAC) & Low Power Physics Experiments (LPPE) for PFBR.
✅ 37 sub-assemblies loaded so far; criticality next milestone.
📍 Domestic Nuclear Ecosystem
✅ India now has robust govt + private manufacturing for fuel, heavy water, neutron absorbers, zirconium alloys, detectors & reactor components.
✅ Private sector capable of supplying equipment for 700 MWe PHWRs, 200 MWe BSMR-200, 55 MWe SMR-55.
📍 Resource Security (AMD & UCIL)
✅ AMD actively exploring uranium, thorium, niobium, tantalum, REEs.
✅ UCIL operates 7 mines + 2 processing plants in Jharkhand & 1 mine + plant in Andhra Pradesh.
📍 Nuclear Waste Management
✅ Strict framework under Atomic Energy Act 1962 & 1987 Rules.
✅ No radioactive waste released without clearance.
✅ Low/intermediate waste treated & stored onsite in engineered structures with continuous monitoring.
📍 Make in India Boost
✅ BARC nurturing new vendors; private-sector capacity expansion driven by reactor orders.
#GS3 #prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Project Status
✅ AERB has cleared Initial Fuel Click Me Load More (IFL), First Approach to Criticality (FAC) & Low Power Physics Experiments (LPPE) for PFBR.
✅ 37 sub-assemblies loaded so far; criticality next milestone.
📍 Domestic Nuclear Ecosystem
✅ India now has robust govt + private manufacturing for fuel, heavy water, neutron absorbers, zirconium alloys, detectors & reactor components.
✅ Private sector capable of supplying equipment for 700 MWe PHWRs, 200 MWe BSMR-200, 55 MWe SMR-55.
📍 Resource Security (AMD & UCIL)
✅ AMD actively exploring uranium, thorium, niobium, tantalum, REEs.
✅ UCIL operates 7 mines + 2 processing plants in Jharkhand & 1 mine + plant in Andhra Pradesh.
📍 Nuclear Waste Management
✅ Strict framework under Atomic Energy Act 1962 & 1987 Rules.
✅ No radioactive waste released without clearance.
✅ Low/intermediate waste treated & stored onsite in engineered structures with continuous monitoring.
📍 Make in India Boost
✅ BARC nurturing new vendors; private-sector capacity expansion driven by reactor orders.
#GS3 #prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF EPFO CDS NDA
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF EPFO CDS NDA
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🔆 Project SunCatcher (Google)
✅ What: Google’s plan to shift AI computation into space using solar-powered satellites
✅ Aim: Meet rising AI energy demand by using continuous solar energy in orbit
✅ Launch plan: 2 prototype satellites by 2027 with Planet Labs
📍 Key Features
✅ AI data centres in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
✅ Satellites with solar panels + Trillium TPUs
✅ ~80 satellites in tight 1-km formation
✅ Laser-based inter-satellite communication (up to 10 Tbps)
✅ ML-based formation control for stability
✅ Payload includes compute hardware, solar arrays, optical lasers
📍 Why in Space?
✅ No night cycle / weather interruption
✅ Lower water & carbon footprint vs Earth data centres
✅ Fewer power outages & disaster risks
✅ Data sovereignty flexibility under Outer Space Treaty
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
✅ What: Google’s plan to shift AI computation into space using solar-powered satellites
✅ Aim: Meet rising AI energy demand by using continuous solar energy in orbit
✅ Launch plan: 2 prototype satellites by 2027 with Planet Labs
📍 Key Features
✅ AI data centres in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
✅ Satellites with solar panels + Trillium TPUs
✅ ~80 satellites in tight 1-km formation
✅ Laser-based inter-satellite communication (up to 10 Tbps)
✅ ML-based formation control for stability
✅ Payload includes compute hardware, solar arrays, optical lasers
📍 Why in Space?
✅ No night cycle / weather interruption
✅ Lower water & carbon footprint vs Earth data centres
✅ Fewer power outages & disaster risks
✅ Data sovereignty flexibility under Outer Space Treaty
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology