Logical Principles of Rene Descartes.
Rene Descartes, a 17th-century French philosopher and mathematician, is widely regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in Western philosophy. Known for his famous dictum "I think, therefore I am", Descartes sought to establish a foundation of knowledge through rationality and skepticism, laying the groundwork for modern philosophy and the scientific method. So what principles guided him throughout his life, allowing him to make such significant contributions?
"Just as an abundance of laws is often an excuse for vice - why public order is much better when laws are few but strictly enforced - and as, instead of a significant number of rules forming a logic, I have found it sufficient to observe firmly and steadfastly the following four.
The first is never to accept as true anything that I would not have recognized as such with obviousness, in other words, to be careful to avoid rashness and prejudice, and to include in my judgments only those things which appear to my mind so clearly and so distinctly as to give me no reason to question them.
The second is to divide each of the difficulties I am examining into as many parts as possible and necessary for the better overcoming of them.
Third - to adhere to a particular order of thinking, starting with the most simple and most easily recognized and rising gradually to the knowledge of the most complex, assuming order even where the objects of thought are not given in their natural connection.
And lastly - to make always lists so complete and reviews so general that there was confidence in the absence of omissions."
Rene Descartes, a 17th-century French philosopher and mathematician, is widely regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in Western philosophy. Known for his famous dictum "I think, therefore I am", Descartes sought to establish a foundation of knowledge through rationality and skepticism, laying the groundwork for modern philosophy and the scientific method. So what principles guided him throughout his life, allowing him to make such significant contributions?
"Just as an abundance of laws is often an excuse for vice - why public order is much better when laws are few but strictly enforced - and as, instead of a significant number of rules forming a logic, I have found it sufficient to observe firmly and steadfastly the following four.
The first is never to accept as true anything that I would not have recognized as such with obviousness, in other words, to be careful to avoid rashness and prejudice, and to include in my judgments only those things which appear to my mind so clearly and so distinctly as to give me no reason to question them.
The second is to divide each of the difficulties I am examining into as many parts as possible and necessary for the better overcoming of them.
Third - to adhere to a particular order of thinking, starting with the most simple and most easily recognized and rising gradually to the knowledge of the most complex, assuming order even where the objects of thought are not given in their natural connection.
And lastly - to make always lists so complete and reviews so general that there was confidence in the absence of omissions."
👍9💯3🔥1
⚛Metaphysics: Exploring the Fundamental Nature of Reality.
Metaphysics, one of the foundational yet crucial branches of philosophy, takes us on a journey to understand the fundamental nature of reality and explore the essence of our existence. It asks deep questions about what it means to exist, the nature of reality itself, and how our minds and the physical world are connected. By diving into the realms of ontology (the study of being), cosmology (the study of the universe's origin and structure), and epistemology (the study of how we acquire knowledge), metaphysics invites us to examine the profound mysteries that lie at the core of our existence.
Metaphysics touches upon fundamental ideas like the nature of reality, the relationship between our mind and our body, and even the existence of abstract concepts. It investigates concepts like time, space, causality, free will, determinism, and the nature of consciousness. Engaging with metaphysics allows us to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying principles that shape our universe and influence our personal experiences. It opens the door to reflect on the deep and perplexing aspects of life that go beyond what meets the eye in our daily observations.
Metaphysics, one of the foundational yet crucial branches of philosophy, takes us on a journey to understand the fundamental nature of reality and explore the essence of our existence. It asks deep questions about what it means to exist, the nature of reality itself, and how our minds and the physical world are connected. By diving into the realms of ontology (the study of being), cosmology (the study of the universe's origin and structure), and epistemology (the study of how we acquire knowledge), metaphysics invites us to examine the profound mysteries that lie at the core of our existence.
Metaphysics touches upon fundamental ideas like the nature of reality, the relationship between our mind and our body, and even the existence of abstract concepts. It investigates concepts like time, space, causality, free will, determinism, and the nature of consciousness. Engaging with metaphysics allows us to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying principles that shape our universe and influence our personal experiences. It opens the door to reflect on the deep and perplexing aspects of life that go beyond what meets the eye in our daily observations.
👍10❤4✍2
Run, my friend, into your solitude: I see you bitten by venomous flies. Run there where the harsh, fresh air blows!
Run into your solitude! You have lived too closely to the small, pitiful people. Run from their invisible revenge! Against you they are only revenge.
Do not raise your hand against them! They are countless, and it is not your destiny to be a fly swatter for flies.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Run into your solitude! You have lived too closely to the small, pitiful people. Run from their invisible revenge! Against you they are only revenge.
Do not raise your hand against them! They are countless, and it is not your destiny to be a fly swatter for flies.
Friedrich Nietzsche
👍8🔥4✍3
🧩Who thinks abstractly? The uneducated, not the educated.
I have only to adduce examples for my proposition: everybody will grant that they confirm it. A murderer is led to the place of execution. For the common populace he is nothing but a murderer. Ladies perhaps remark that he is a strong, handsome, interesting man. The populace finds this remark terrible: What? A murderer handsome? How can one think so wickedly and call a murderer handsome; no doubt, you yourselves are something not much better! This is the corruption of morals that is prevalent in the upper classes, a priest may add, knowing the bottom of things and human hearts.
One who knows men traces the development of the criminal's mind: he finds in his history, in his education, a bad family relationship between his father and mother, some tremendous harshness after this human being had done some minor wrong, so he became embittered against the social order — a first reaction to this that in effect expelled him and henceforth did not make it possible for him to preserve himself except through crime. — There may be people who will say when they hear such things: he wants to excuse this murderer!
This is abstract thinking: to see nothing in the murderer except the abstract fact that he is a murderer, and to annul all other human essence in him with this simple quality.
- Friedrich Hegel
I have only to adduce examples for my proposition: everybody will grant that they confirm it. A murderer is led to the place of execution. For the common populace he is nothing but a murderer. Ladies perhaps remark that he is a strong, handsome, interesting man. The populace finds this remark terrible: What? A murderer handsome? How can one think so wickedly and call a murderer handsome; no doubt, you yourselves are something not much better! This is the corruption of morals that is prevalent in the upper classes, a priest may add, knowing the bottom of things and human hearts.
One who knows men traces the development of the criminal's mind: he finds in his history, in his education, a bad family relationship between his father and mother, some tremendous harshness after this human being had done some minor wrong, so he became embittered against the social order — a first reaction to this that in effect expelled him and henceforth did not make it possible for him to preserve himself except through crime. — There may be people who will say when they hear such things: he wants to excuse this murderer!
This is abstract thinking: to see nothing in the murderer except the abstract fact that he is a murderer, and to annul all other human essence in him with this simple quality.
- Friedrich Hegel
❤7👍4💯4🔥3✍1
✍️Feuerbach's Reflections: Wisdom over Beauty and Essence of Interaction.
"Life is the poet, the book is the philosopher. The former contemplates unity in multiplicity, the latter multiplicity in unity. Poetry, to increase the charm and heighten the effect, contemplates from afar the tree as it stands in full bloom, and as those thousands and thousands of colors play upon it, and limits itself to the magical power of this contemplation. But philosophy comes up close to the tree, breaks off one or at most two flowers, for it makes do with few and they are already sufficient for it, examines them in great detail, takes them quietly home with it, dries them in the sun of reason, and preserves them in a book. Poetry transforms a drop of dew, shining on the tree with all its colors, into a diamond; but philosophy, in order to distinguish essence from appearance, touches the watery drop with the index finger of reason and, smearing it, thus puts an end to the brilliant illusion."
***
"Ideas arise only from communication between people, only from a conversation between man and man. Not alone, but with someone in two we come to a concept, we come to reason in general. Two persons are necessary for the generation of man both in the physical and spiritual sense, the community of persons is the original principle and criterion of truth and universality. Even the certainty of the existence of other things external to me is mediated for me by the certainty of the existence of another person outside of me. What I see alone, I doubt, but what another person sees, becomes reliable for me."
@rethinkX
"Life is the poet, the book is the philosopher. The former contemplates unity in multiplicity, the latter multiplicity in unity. Poetry, to increase the charm and heighten the effect, contemplates from afar the tree as it stands in full bloom, and as those thousands and thousands of colors play upon it, and limits itself to the magical power of this contemplation. But philosophy comes up close to the tree, breaks off one or at most two flowers, for it makes do with few and they are already sufficient for it, examines them in great detail, takes them quietly home with it, dries them in the sun of reason, and preserves them in a book. Poetry transforms a drop of dew, shining on the tree with all its colors, into a diamond; but philosophy, in order to distinguish essence from appearance, touches the watery drop with the index finger of reason and, smearing it, thus puts an end to the brilliant illusion."
***
"Ideas arise only from communication between people, only from a conversation between man and man. Not alone, but with someone in two we come to a concept, we come to reason in general. Two persons are necessary for the generation of man both in the physical and spiritual sense, the community of persons is the original principle and criterion of truth and universality. Even the certainty of the existence of other things external to me is mediated for me by the certainty of the existence of another person outside of me. What I see alone, I doubt, but what another person sees, becomes reliable for me."
@rethinkX
🔥9👍4✍3
"Let us imagine a man who, while standing on the street, would say to himself:
"It is six o'clock in the evening, the working day is over. Now I can go for a walk, or I can go to the club; I can also climb up the tower to see the sunset; I can go to the theater; I can visit this friend or that one; indeed, I also can run out of the gate, into the wide world, and never return. All of this is strictly up to me, in this I have complete freedom. But still I shall do none of these things now, but with just as free a will I shall go home to my wife".
This is exactly as if water spoke to itself: "I can make high waves (yes! in the sea during a storm), I can rush down hill (yes! in the river bed), I can plunge down foaming and gushing (yes! in the waterfall), I can rise freely as a stream of water into the air (yes! in the fountain), I can, finally boil away and disappear (yes! at a certain temperature); but I am doing none of these things now, and am voluntarily remaining quiet and clear water in the reflecting pond.”
@rethinkX
Please open Telegram to view this post
VIEW IN TELEGRAM
🔥16👍7💯4❤2✍2
Hey guys! I made a YouTube video about Nietzsche's philosophy. Would be immensely grateful for your support.
https://youtu.be/yKyd6VFunfA
https://youtu.be/yKyd6VFunfA
YouTube
Nitsshe: Hamma Uchun va Hech Kimga Atalmagan Video-Esse | jahon
Nemis faylasufi Fridrix Nitsshe biografiyasi hamda uning ijodi haqida qisqacha.
0:00 - Intro
0:27 - Biografiya
3:58 - Yolg'izlik
5:53 - Superinson
8:40 - Axloq
13:13 - Outro
Instagram: instagram.com/jahongiryuldoshev1
Telegram: www.tgoop.com/jahongiryuldoshov
…
0:00 - Intro
0:27 - Biografiya
3:58 - Yolg'izlik
5:53 - Superinson
8:40 - Axloq
13:13 - Outro
Instagram: instagram.com/jahongiryuldoshev1
Telegram: www.tgoop.com/jahongiryuldoshov
…
👍16🔥15💯3
"There are two ways to investigate the truth: priori and posteriori, that is, from pure reason and from experience. There have been many disputes about the advantages of both methods, and even now there is no way to reconcile these two warring parties. Some say that knowledge, in order to be true, must come from the mind itself, as the source of our consciousness, therefore, must be subjective, because everything that exists matters only in our consciousness and does not exist for itself; others think that consciousness is only true when deduced from facts, phenomena, based on experience. For the former, there is only one consciousness, and reality consists only in the mind, and everything else is soulless, dead and meaningless in itself, without relation to consciousness; in short, their mind is the king, the legislator, the creative force that gives life and meaning to the non-existent and the dead. For the second, the real lies in things, facts, in the phenomena of nature, and the mind is nothing but a day laborer, a slave of dead reality, accepting laws from it and changing at its whim, therefore, a dream, a ghost. The whole universe, everything that exists, is nothing but unity in diversity, an endless chain of modifications of the same idea; the mind, getting lost in this diversity, strives to bring it to unity in its consciousness, and the history of philosophy is nothing but the history of this aspiration."
Vissarion Belinsky
@rethinkX
Please open Telegram to view this post
VIEW IN TELEGRAM
👍5💯5🔥2
Today's youth is remarkably stupid: they view life solely in terms of happiness. How can I have more fun? - they ask. Or they complain: why am I so unhappy? But in our world, no one can live happily all the time - at least in the sense that they understand it. And when they get what they wanted, they are disappointed - because no reality can compare to imagination. And then, very soon, the fun is replaced by boredom. Everyone chases happiness, and as a result, everyone is unhappy.
Aldous Huxley
@rethinkX
Aldous Huxley
@rethinkX
👍18❤6💯5
"In the theory of man, based on the theory of nature, all other organic creatures are regarded only as an approximation to man. Man in earth history represents the last stage of a long series of creatures whose aim is the organization of a perfect body. Only at this summit of organic development does the soul of the earth break through and spiritual consciousness arises in man.
First of all, in the theory of man it is necessary to find out what place man occupies in the series of creatures, in what relation he is to the integrity of nature and the world. Although initially the earth element has only two basic drives - the drive for self-preservation and the drive for isolation, individuality and development - later, when the earth element has already developed sufficiently, a still higher drive to return to the free world, a longing for lost freedom, may be formed. This urge can only arise later, it can only be the last of the earthly elements, because it is in contradiction with the original urge of self. Only when the latter is destroyed can the other urge be given room for its development."
@rethinkX
Please open Telegram to view this post
VIEW IN TELEGRAM
🔥8
When they say that I am intolerant of fools, I usually answer that I would be completely indifferent to them if they lived in an environment of their own creation. But no. They live in an environment created by intellect, and at the same time, they live in such a way that this environment is destroyed.
Stanislaw Lem
@rethinkX
Stanislaw Lem
@rethinkX
💯15👍3❤2
Forwarded from и с к у с с т в о (j a h o n g i r)
Последний из нас. Я пока ещё не смотрел этот сериал, и не играл в эту игру. Но с уверенностью могу сказать, что композиция у Gustavo Santaolalla шикарная. Можете послушать мой гитарный кавер на нее.
https://youtu.be/TzWoF9dcX5I?si=e1WXGJ0ji5mBs6qy
https://youtu.be/TzWoF9dcX5I?si=e1WXGJ0ji5mBs6qy
YouTube
The Last of Us - Main Theme | Fingerstyle Guitar Cover | jahon
Tabs from Soviet Guitar
Instagram: instagram.com/jahongiryuldoshev1
Telegram: www.tgoop.com/jahongiryuldoshov
Instagram: instagram.com/jahongiryuldoshev1
Telegram: www.tgoop.com/jahongiryuldoshov
❤13💯4
Undermining the opinions of other people, however paradoxical it may sound, opens your mind to new ideas and perspectives, in other words, opinions that will likely seem more correct to you. Thus, understanding that everyone has a subjective view of the world will help you realize that every truth present in this world is the product of the desire of a certain individual, and there is no such thing as 'inherent truth'.
Jean-Paul Sartre
@rethinkX
Jean-Paul Sartre
@rethinkX
👍12💯6
Hey everyone! I made a new video on Albert Camus' philosophy of absurdism. Hope it offers a fresh perspective on life's meaninglessness. And, of course, I'd love to hear your thoughts in the YouTube comments. Your feedback is greatly appreciated. Thank you.
https://youtu.be/_6CMKYnrZAo
@rethinkX
https://youtu.be/_6CMKYnrZAo
@rethinkX
YouTube
Kamyu: Absurd Mavjudlik va Isyon Haqida Video-Esse | jahon
Albert Kamyu, absurdizm va ekzistensializm haqida qisqacha. Manba: faylasufning "Begona" va "Sizif Afsonasi" asarlari.
0:00 - Hayot
1:01 - Albert Kamyu
2:01 - Absurd
6:40 - Jismoniy Suitsid
7:41 - Falsafiy Suitsid
8:51 - Isyon
12:45 - Sizif
13:39 - Hayot…
0:00 - Hayot
1:01 - Albert Kamyu
2:01 - Absurd
6:40 - Jismoniy Suitsid
7:41 - Falsafiy Suitsid
8:51 - Isyon
12:45 - Sizif
13:39 - Hayot…
❤13👍2👎1
5 Quotes from "The Trial" by Franz Kafka
1. One often has ideas at night, in the middle of a fever, which one can hardly remember in the morning when, besides, one usually has other things to do.
2. He believed in his own innocence, but that's one of man's greatest delusions.
3. The whole system revolves around keeping people hopeless and powerless.
4. You are guilty not only because of what you've done, but also because of what you haven't done.
5. One must lie low and strive to escape notice, for only in this manner can the individual retain some semblance of freedom.
Which quote do you like the most? Which idea do you have a different perspective on?
@rethinkX
1. One often has ideas at night, in the middle of a fever, which one can hardly remember in the morning when, besides, one usually has other things to do.
2. He believed in his own innocence, but that's one of man's greatest delusions.
3. The whole system revolves around keeping people hopeless and powerless.
4. You are guilty not only because of what you've done, but also because of what you haven't done.
5. One must lie low and strive to escape notice, for only in this manner can the individual retain some semblance of freedom.
Which quote do you like the most? Which idea do you have a different perspective on?
@rethinkX
❤3👍3💯3
An ancient text says: "He who loves his soul will lose it". That is, our willingness to doubt the irrefutability of alleged facts or testimonies of experience is always hindered by the following circumstance - what I would call the law of mental self-preservation. We are afraid to go to the end in doubt, where we must part with ourselves, because this might destroy our self-image. We are ready to doubt, but to allow, I repeat, the destruction of the fusions of our psychic life, the loss of ourselves with our qualities - we are not capable of this. And that is what it means to love your soul. And, therefore... to lose it.
Merab Mamardashvili
@rethinkX
Merab Mamardashvili
@rethinkX
💯11❤5
Looked at IELTS from the perspective of thinking, self-reflection and exploration. I hope this video will help you make your IELTS journey much more engaging. As always, your feedback is greatly appreciated. Thank you.
https://youtu.be/mGZNH0fEt5o?si=sgxmVsVT_4zM5aWt
https://youtu.be/mGZNH0fEt5o?si=sgxmVsVT_4zM5aWt
YouTube
IELTS faqat ingliz tili degani emas... | jahon
IELTSning Speaking va Writing qismlariga tayyorgarlik ko'rishning insonning fikrlash qobiliyatlariga ijobiy ta'siri haqida qisqacha.
0:05 - Intro
0:47 - Speaking & Writing
1:18 - External Exploration
3:08 - Internal Exploration
4:12 - Conclusion
Email:…
0:05 - Intro
0:47 - Speaking & Writing
1:18 - External Exploration
3:08 - Internal Exploration
4:12 - Conclusion
Email:…
❤10👍5💯4