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🔆 Plea to Revive NJAC & Scrap Collegium System
📍 Context
✅ CJI Surya Kant said the Supreme Court will consider a plea seeking revival of the NJAC and an end to the Collegium system.
✅ Petition argues that striking down NJAC (99th Constitutional Amendment) in 2015 was a “great wrong” and restored a system accused of opacity, favouritism, and lack of public accountability.
📍 Background
✅ 1993: Collegium created via SC judgment.
✅ 2014: Parliament passed NJAC Act + 99th Amendment to replace Collegium.
✅ 2015: SC struck both down as unconstitutional, reviving Collegium.
📍 Key Concerns Raised
✅ Collegium = “riddle in a mystery, inside an enigma” → opaque & criticised even within judiciary.
✅ Parliament’s will (via NJAC) was overridden → reducing it to an “inferior tribunal”.
📍 What Happens Now?
SC will hear the matter; petitioner allowed to argue in person.
📝 UPSC Mains Question
“Critically evaluate the debate around the Collegium system and the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). Should judicial appointments prioritise transparency or judicial independence?”
#Judiciary
#gs2 #polity
#prelims #governance
#polity_governance
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📍 Context
✅ CJI Surya Kant said the Supreme Court will consider a plea seeking revival of the NJAC and an end to the Collegium system.
✅ Petition argues that striking down NJAC (99th Constitutional Amendment) in 2015 was a “great wrong” and restored a system accused of opacity, favouritism, and lack of public accountability.
📍 Background
✅ 1993: Collegium created via SC judgment.
✅ 2014: Parliament passed NJAC Act + 99th Amendment to replace Collegium.
✅ 2015: SC struck both down as unconstitutional, reviving Collegium.
📍 Key Concerns Raised
✅ Collegium = “riddle in a mystery, inside an enigma” → opaque & criticised even within judiciary.
✅ Parliament’s will (via NJAC) was overridden → reducing it to an “inferior tribunal”.
📍 What Happens Now?
SC will hear the matter; petitioner allowed to argue in person.
📝 UPSC Mains Question
“Critically evaluate the debate around the Collegium system and the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). Should judicial appointments prioritise transparency or judicial independence?”
#Judiciary
#gs2 #polity
#prelims #governance
#polity_governance
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🔆 Guru Tegh Bahadur’s Legacy
📍 Who was he?
✅ 9th Sikh Guru
✅ Martyred in 1675 under Mughal rule
✅ Known for sacrifice in defence of religious freedom & human rights
📍 Why was he executed?
✅ Opposed forced conversions of Kashmiri Pandits
✅ Refused to submit or perform miracles to prove faith
📍 Significance of his martyrdom
✅ Considered the first martyr for human rights & freedom of belief
✅ Solidified Sikh identity as defenders of justice and equality
📍 Contributions
✅ Founded Anandpur Sahib
✅ Composed 15 ragas and 116 hymns in Guru Granth Sahib
✅ Promoted compassion, courage, spiritual discipline
📍 Family legacy
▪️ His wife Mata Gujri and sons faced martyrdom
▪️ His son, Guru Gobind Singh, became the 10th Sikh Guru and created the Khalsa
📍 Enduring message
✅ Religious freedom
✅ Moral courage
✅ Standing for others even at great personal cost
📝 Mains Question:
How does Guru Tegh Bahadur’s martyrdom continue to shape India’s understanding of religious freedom, human rights, and moral leadership?
#GS1 #history #prelims #mains
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📍 Who was he?
✅ 9th Sikh Guru
✅ Martyred in 1675 under Mughal rule
✅ Known for sacrifice in defence of religious freedom & human rights
📍 Why was he executed?
✅ Opposed forced conversions of Kashmiri Pandits
✅ Refused to submit or perform miracles to prove faith
📍 Significance of his martyrdom
✅ Considered the first martyr for human rights & freedom of belief
✅ Solidified Sikh identity as defenders of justice and equality
📍 Contributions
✅ Founded Anandpur Sahib
✅ Composed 15 ragas and 116 hymns in Guru Granth Sahib
✅ Promoted compassion, courage, spiritual discipline
📍 Family legacy
▪️ His wife Mata Gujri and sons faced martyrdom
▪️ His son, Guru Gobind Singh, became the 10th Sikh Guru and created the Khalsa
📍 Enduring message
✅ Religious freedom
✅ Moral courage
✅ Standing for others even at great personal cost
📝 Mains Question:
How does Guru Tegh Bahadur’s martyrdom continue to shape India’s understanding of religious freedom, human rights, and moral leadership?
#GS1 #history #prelims #mains
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🔆 Baikonur Cosmodrome – Gateway to the Heavens
📍 Summary
✅ Baikonur Cosmodrome → a major spaceport in Kazakhstan, leased and operated by Russia; core launch site for Soviet & Russian missions.
✅ Built in the 1950s as a missile test range; later launched Sputnik-1 (1957), Vostok-1 (1961) carrying Yuri Gagarin, and numerous ISS cargo & crewed missions (Proton, Soyuz).
✅ Located on the Kazakh steppe; has two crewed-launch pads (Site 1, Site 31/6).
✅ Kazakhstan owns the site post-1991; Russia leases it till 2050.
✅ Site has had accidents, including the Nedelin disaster (1960) and a recent Soyuz-2.1a rocket mishap (27 Nov) damaging launch infrastructure.
✅ Repairs underway as Russia increasingly develops new domestic launch sites.
🔆 UPSC Mains Question
📍 “Discuss the strategic significance of Baikonur Cosmodrome for Russia and Kazakhstan, and analyse how leased foreign launch sites shape global space geopolitics.”
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
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📍 Summary
✅ Baikonur Cosmodrome → a major spaceport in Kazakhstan, leased and operated by Russia; core launch site for Soviet & Russian missions.
✅ Built in the 1950s as a missile test range; later launched Sputnik-1 (1957), Vostok-1 (1961) carrying Yuri Gagarin, and numerous ISS cargo & crewed missions (Proton, Soyuz).
✅ Located on the Kazakh steppe; has two crewed-launch pads (Site 1, Site 31/6).
✅ Kazakhstan owns the site post-1991; Russia leases it till 2050.
✅ Site has had accidents, including the Nedelin disaster (1960) and a recent Soyuz-2.1a rocket mishap (27 Nov) damaging launch infrastructure.
✅ Repairs underway as Russia increasingly develops new domestic launch sites.
🔆 UPSC Mains Question
📍 “Discuss the strategic significance of Baikonur Cosmodrome for Russia and Kazakhstan, and analyse how leased foreign launch sites shape global space geopolitics.”
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
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https://www.tgoop.com/upsc_science_and_technology
Attempt Daily CA Mcqs - https://www.tgoop.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY
2 DEC CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQS ⤵️
https://www.tgoop.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY/15397
2 DEC CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQS ⤵️
https://www.tgoop.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY/15397
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🔆 India to Chair International IDEA (2026)
📍 What’s Happening?
✅ CEC Gyanesh Kumar will assume the Chairship of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) on December 3, 2025, in Stockholm, Sweden.
✅ This is seen as global recognition of India’s free, fair & transparent election system.
📍 About International IDEA
✅ Founded: 1995 | Type: Inter-governmental organisation
✅ Members: 35 countries + US & Japan as Observers
✅ Holds UNGA Observer Status since 2003
✅ Works on electoral assistance, democratic governance, political participation, and global capacity building.
📍 India’s Role
✅ Founding member; active in electoral research, training & governance support.
✅ As the world’s largest democracy (90+ crore electors), India will guide IDEA’s agenda in 2026, strengthening global Election Management Bodies.
📍 Mains Question
Q. How does India’s chairship of International IDEA enhance its soft power and global leadership in democratic governance?
📍 #GS2
📍 What’s Happening?
✅ CEC Gyanesh Kumar will assume the Chairship of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) on December 3, 2025, in Stockholm, Sweden.
✅ This is seen as global recognition of India’s free, fair & transparent election system.
📍 About International IDEA
✅ Founded: 1995 | Type: Inter-governmental organisation
✅ Members: 35 countries + US & Japan as Observers
✅ Holds UNGA Observer Status since 2003
✅ Works on electoral assistance, democratic governance, political participation, and global capacity building.
📍 India’s Role
✅ Founding member; active in electoral research, training & governance support.
✅ As the world’s largest democracy (90+ crore electors), India will guide IDEA’s agenda in 2026, strengthening global Election Management Bodies.
📍 Mains Question
Q. How does India’s chairship of International IDEA enhance its soft power and global leadership in democratic governance?
📍 #GS2
🔆 Delhi Can’t Blame Farm Fires for Its Pollution Woes
📍 Why in Focus?
Despite 90% reduction in stubble burning in Punjab–Haryana (five-year low), Delhi’s pollution still peaked, revealing deeper local causes.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Farm fire contribution mostly below 15%, briefly peaking at 25% this year.
✅ Delhi’s toxic air increasingly driven by local emissions — traffic, industries, waste burning, dust.
✅ Many hotspots (Jahangirpuri, Wazirpur, Bawana, Vivek Vihar) show persistent high PM2.5 levels.
✅ CSE report shows strong correlation of PM2.5 with NO₂ & CO, indicating urban sources dominate.
✅ AQI worsened even when farm fires remained low, proving Delhi requires local pollution control, not scapegoating farmers.
📍 Implications:
✅ Delhi needs stricter urban emission management.
✅ Scientific data challenges long-held narratives blaming only farm fires.
✅ Policy must target transport, waste burning & industrial hotspots.
✅ Prelims Question:
Recent data shows the major driver of Delhi’s winter pollution is:
A. Farm fires alone
B. Local urban emissions
C. Forest fires
D. Rural dust storms
Ans: B
✅ Mains Question:
Why are Delhi’s winter pollution spikes increasingly independent of stubble burning trends? Discuss with emphasis on local emission sources. (150 words)
#GSIII #mains #environment #prelims #GS3
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📍 Why in Focus?
Despite 90% reduction in stubble burning in Punjab–Haryana (five-year low), Delhi’s pollution still peaked, revealing deeper local causes.
📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Farm fire contribution mostly below 15%, briefly peaking at 25% this year.
✅ Delhi’s toxic air increasingly driven by local emissions — traffic, industries, waste burning, dust.
✅ Many hotspots (Jahangirpuri, Wazirpur, Bawana, Vivek Vihar) show persistent high PM2.5 levels.
✅ CSE report shows strong correlation of PM2.5 with NO₂ & CO, indicating urban sources dominate.
✅ AQI worsened even when farm fires remained low, proving Delhi requires local pollution control, not scapegoating farmers.
📍 Implications:
✅ Delhi needs stricter urban emission management.
✅ Scientific data challenges long-held narratives blaming only farm fires.
✅ Policy must target transport, waste burning & industrial hotspots.
✅ Prelims Question:
Recent data shows the major driver of Delhi’s winter pollution is:
A. Farm fires alone
B. Local urban emissions
C. Forest fires
D. Rural dust storms
Ans: B
✅ Mains Question:
Why are Delhi’s winter pollution spikes increasingly independent of stubble burning trends? Discuss with emphasis on local emission sources. (150 words)
#GSIII #mains #environment #prelims #GS3
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🔆 Australia
📍 Basic Info
✅ Capital: Canberra
✅ India & Australia sign key defence agreements to boost operational cooperation.
📍 Political Features
✅ Location: Smallest continent; 6th largest country
✅ Lies between Indian Ocean (W) & South Pacific Ocean (E)
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Deserts (1/3rd of land): Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Tanami, Simpson, Gibson
✅ Mountain Ranges: Great Dividing Range, Macdonnell Ranges
✅ Major Rivers: Murray–Darling, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan
✅ Great Barrier Reef: World’s largest coral system, off Queensland’s east coast
#places_in_news
https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
📍 Basic Info
✅ Capital: Canberra
✅ India & Australia sign key defence agreements to boost operational cooperation.
📍 Political Features
✅ Location: Smallest continent; 6th largest country
✅ Lies between Indian Ocean (W) & South Pacific Ocean (E)
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Deserts (1/3rd of land): Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Tanami, Simpson, Gibson
✅ Mountain Ranges: Great Dividing Range, Macdonnell Ranges
✅ Major Rivers: Murray–Darling, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan
✅ Great Barrier Reef: World’s largest coral system, off Queensland’s east coast
#places_in_news
https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆 करंट अफेयर्स — 5 दिसंबर 2025
🔆 नियामक / अर्थव्यवस्था
✅ RBI ने बैंकों को निर्देश दिया है कि वे ग्राहक सेवाएं क्षेत्रीय भाषाओं में प्रदान करें; सभी संचार त्रिभाषी होना चाहिए
✅ Fitch ने FY26 के विकास पूर्वानुमान को 7.4% तक बढ़ाया
✅ OECD ने भारत के FY26 के दृष्टिकोण को 6.7% पर बरकरार रखा
✅ Razorpay को RBI का पेमेंट एग्रीगेटर–क्रॉस बॉर्डर लाइसेंस मिला
✅ भारत फरवरी 2026 से GDP आधार वर्ष → 2022–23 अपडेट करेगा
✅ बाल पोषण डेटा: 34% कुपोषित, 15% कम वजन वाले, 5% कुपोषित (वेस्टेड)
✅ IRCTC की अपटाइम बढ़कर 99.98% हुई; 87% आरक्षित टिकट ई-टिकटिंग के माध्यम से
🔆 अंतरराष्ट्रीय
✅ WPS सूचकांक 2025/26: डेनमार्क 1ला; भारत 131वां (0.607 स्कोर)
✅ विश्व स्तर पर 676 मिलियन महिलाएं संघर्ष के संपर्क में
🔆 राष्ट्रीय
✅ सरकार ने भारत की रैंक सुधारने के लिए 26 वैश्विक सूचकांकों में GIRG पहल शुरू की
✅ MSME डिजिटल लेंडिंग के लिए क्रेडिट असेसमेंट मॉडल (CAM) लॉन्च किया
✅ नया PMO परिसर नामित किया गया ‘सेवा तीर्थ’
✅ UIDAI ने 231 करोड़ आधार प्रमाणीकरण दर्ज किए (नवंबर)
✅ कोच्चि में इंटरनेशनल सीवीड एक्सपो 2026 (29-30 जनवरी) आयोजित होगा
✅ केंद्र ने MGNREGS के तहत राज्यों को ₹68,393 करोड़ जारी किए
✅ NCDC ने समुदाय आधारित रोग रिपोर्टिंग प्रणाली शुरू की
🔆 रक्षा
✅ भारत–अमेरिका ने ₹7,995 करोड़ के MH-60R सीहॉक हेलीकॉप्टरों के रखरखाव समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए
✅ DRDO ने फाइटर विमान एस्केप सिस्टम का सफल परीक्षण किया
✅ GSL ने ICGS अमूल्य (तीसरा FPV) सौंपा
✅ भारत डायनेमिक्स ने ₹2,462 करोड़ के ऑर्डर हासिल किए
🔆 राज्य
✅ ओडिशा में ग्लोबल एनर्जी लीडर्स समिट (5-7 दिसंबर, पुरी) आयोजित होगा
✅ तमिलनाडु को 5 नए GI टैग मिले (वोरैयूर साड़ियां, थूयमल्ली चावल, चोप्पू सामान, साबुन पत्थर के बर्तन, नट्टू सरकरी)
🔆 योजनाएं
✅ सरकार ने उन्नत बायोफ्यूल के लिए JI-VAN योजना का विस्तार किया; 2G और 3G इथेनॉल संयंत्रों का समर्थन
✅ सरकार ने FY26 के लिए 25 लाख PMUY LPG कनेक्शन मंजूर किए
✅ कार्बन क्रेडिट ट्रेडिंग स्कीम (CCTS) का ढांचा अधिसूचित
🔆 महत्वपूर्ण दिन
✅ नौसेना दिवस – 4 दिसंबर; केरल में समुद्री प्रदर्शन के साथ मनाया गया
✅ अंतरराष्ट्रीय एकपक्षीय जबरदस्ती उपायों के खिलाफ दिवस – 4 दिसंबर
✅ अंतरराष्ट्रीय बैंक दिवस – 4 दिसंबर
✅ अंतरराष्ट्रीय चीता दिवस – 4 दिसंबर
🔆 नियुक्तियां
✅ रोहित राजपाल → भारत के डेविस कप कप्तान
🔆 निधन
✅ इतालवी टेनिस दिग्गज निकोला पिएत्रांजेली का 92 वर्ष की उम्र में निधन
🔆 खेल
✅ सर्वज्ञ सिंह कुशवाहा, उम्र 3 वर्ष, बने सबसे कम उम्र के FIDE-रेटेड खिलाड़ी
#CurrentAffairs
https://www.tgoop.com/CurrentAffairs_ONLY
🔆 नियामक / अर्थव्यवस्था
✅ RBI ने बैंकों को निर्देश दिया है कि वे ग्राहक सेवाएं क्षेत्रीय भाषाओं में प्रदान करें; सभी संचार त्रिभाषी होना चाहिए
✅ Fitch ने FY26 के विकास पूर्वानुमान को 7.4% तक बढ़ाया
✅ OECD ने भारत के FY26 के दृष्टिकोण को 6.7% पर बरकरार रखा
✅ Razorpay को RBI का पेमेंट एग्रीगेटर–क्रॉस बॉर्डर लाइसेंस मिला
✅ भारत फरवरी 2026 से GDP आधार वर्ष → 2022–23 अपडेट करेगा
✅ बाल पोषण डेटा: 34% कुपोषित, 15% कम वजन वाले, 5% कुपोषित (वेस्टेड)
✅ IRCTC की अपटाइम बढ़कर 99.98% हुई; 87% आरक्षित टिकट ई-टिकटिंग के माध्यम से
🔆 अंतरराष्ट्रीय
✅ WPS सूचकांक 2025/26: डेनमार्क 1ला; भारत 131वां (0.607 स्कोर)
✅ विश्व स्तर पर 676 मिलियन महिलाएं संघर्ष के संपर्क में
🔆 राष्ट्रीय
✅ सरकार ने भारत की रैंक सुधारने के लिए 26 वैश्विक सूचकांकों में GIRG पहल शुरू की
✅ MSME डिजिटल लेंडिंग के लिए क्रेडिट असेसमेंट मॉडल (CAM) लॉन्च किया
✅ नया PMO परिसर नामित किया गया ‘सेवा तीर्थ’
✅ UIDAI ने 231 करोड़ आधार प्रमाणीकरण दर्ज किए (नवंबर)
✅ कोच्चि में इंटरनेशनल सीवीड एक्सपो 2026 (29-30 जनवरी) आयोजित होगा
✅ केंद्र ने MGNREGS के तहत राज्यों को ₹68,393 करोड़ जारी किए
✅ NCDC ने समुदाय आधारित रोग रिपोर्टिंग प्रणाली शुरू की
🔆 रक्षा
✅ भारत–अमेरिका ने ₹7,995 करोड़ के MH-60R सीहॉक हेलीकॉप्टरों के रखरखाव समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए
✅ DRDO ने फाइटर विमान एस्केप सिस्टम का सफल परीक्षण किया
✅ GSL ने ICGS अमूल्य (तीसरा FPV) सौंपा
✅ भारत डायनेमिक्स ने ₹2,462 करोड़ के ऑर्डर हासिल किए
🔆 राज्य
✅ ओडिशा में ग्लोबल एनर्जी लीडर्स समिट (5-7 दिसंबर, पुरी) आयोजित होगा
✅ तमिलनाडु को 5 नए GI टैग मिले (वोरैयूर साड़ियां, थूयमल्ली चावल, चोप्पू सामान, साबुन पत्थर के बर्तन, नट्टू सरकरी)
🔆 योजनाएं
✅ सरकार ने उन्नत बायोफ्यूल के लिए JI-VAN योजना का विस्तार किया; 2G और 3G इथेनॉल संयंत्रों का समर्थन
✅ सरकार ने FY26 के लिए 25 लाख PMUY LPG कनेक्शन मंजूर किए
✅ कार्बन क्रेडिट ट्रेडिंग स्कीम (CCTS) का ढांचा अधिसूचित
🔆 महत्वपूर्ण दिन
✅ नौसेना दिवस – 4 दिसंबर; केरल में समुद्री प्रदर्शन के साथ मनाया गया
✅ अंतरराष्ट्रीय एकपक्षीय जबरदस्ती उपायों के खिलाफ दिवस – 4 दिसंबर
✅ अंतरराष्ट्रीय बैंक दिवस – 4 दिसंबर
✅ अंतरराष्ट्रीय चीता दिवस – 4 दिसंबर
🔆 नियुक्तियां
✅ रोहित राजपाल → भारत के डेविस कप कप्तान
🔆 निधन
✅ इतालवी टेनिस दिग्गज निकोला पिएत्रांजेली का 92 वर्ष की उम्र में निधन
🔆 खेल
✅ सर्वज्ञ सिंह कुशवाहा, उम्र 3 वर्ष, बने सबसे कम उम्र के FIDE-रेटेड खिलाड़ी
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