भारत में डिजिटल विभाजन में रुझान (NSS 2025):
✅Access रुझान:
🔸97.1% युवा मोबाइल फोन का उपयोग करते हैं; 73.4% उनके पास है।
🔸ounterशिप: शहरी युवा - 82%, ग्रामीण - 69.3%, पुरुष - 83.3%, महिलाएं - 63%।
✅usage रुझान:
🔸91.3% युवा महिलाएं अब इंटरनेट (2022 में 77.1% से) का उपयोग करती हैं।
🔸30.4% केवल मनोरंजन के लिए इंटरनेट का उपयोग करें और महिलाओं के बीच उच्चतर (36%)।
✅skill ट्रेंड: 85.1% अटैचमेंट भेज सकते हैं, केवल 32.2% निर्मित प्रस्तुतियाँ, 22.9% मसौदा तैयार किए गए दस्तावेज।
✅online बैंकिंग: 68.7%युवा, महिला (57.5%) बनाम पुरुष (79.3%); ग्रामीण (63.4%) बनाम शहरी (79.7%)।
✅Connectivity:
🔸91.6% शहरी घरों बनाम 83.3% ग्रामीण घरों में इंटरनेट है।
🔸 🔸only 7.2% परिवारों में फाइबर-ऑप्टिक कनेक्शन हैं; ग्रामीण केवल 3.2%साझा करते हैं।

#DATA #GS3 #GS1 #MAINS #ESSAY

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🫂विश्व जनसंख्या दिवस (World Population Day – 11 जुलाई

➡️2025 थीम-  Empowering young people to create the families they want in a fair and hopeful world

🕰️ इतिहास:
🔹 वर्ष 1987 में दुनिया की जनसंख्या ने 5 अरब (5 Billion) का आंकड़ा पार किया।
🔹 इसी दिन — 11 जुलाई 1987 को संयुक्त राष्ट्र ने इसे "पाँच अरब दिवस (Five Billion Day)" के रूप में चिन्हित किया।
🔹 1989 में संयुक्त राष्ट्र विकास कार्यक्रम (UNDP) ने 11 जुलाई को प्रतिवर्ष "विश्व जनसंख्या दिवस" के रूप में मनाने की औपचारिक घोषणा की।

➡️दुनिया की वर्तमान आबादी- 823 करोड़
➡️दुनिया की औसत वर्तमान आयु- 30.9 साल
➡️भारत की वर्तमान आबादी- 146 करोड़
➡️भारत में औसत वर्तमान आयु- 28.8 साल
 
✅भारत में 16वीं जनगणना 2027 में होगी। जनगणना दो चरणों में आयोजित की जाएगी, पहला चरण अक्टूबर 2026 में और दूसरा चरण 1 मार्च 2027 से शुरू होगा

🔆 Keeladi Excavations: Retired TN Archaeologist to File Final Report

📍 The ASI has permitted retired archaeologist P.S. Sriraman to prepare the official report on the third phase of excavations at Keeladi, Tamil Nadu.

✅ Key Highlights
• P.S. Sriraman, who led the 3rd phase of Keeladi excavations, will now prepare the final report on Keeladi and Kodumanal.
• The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) granted this after he requested access to the records post-retirement (he retired in 2019).
• Reports were pending for both sites, though all artefacts and data were available in Chennai.

✅ Background: Keeladi Excavation Context
• Earlier, archaeologist K. Amarnath Ramakrishna, who led the 1st two phases, had reported discovery of brick structures and urban features linked to the Sangam Age.
• However, ASI asked him to revise and resubmit his findings. He refused, citing confidence in his conclusions.
• ASI later stated lack of continuity in brick structures, questioning the earlier Sangam Age urbanisation link.
• Since 2017, the TN State Archaeology Department has conducted Keeladi excavations.

✅ Current Status
• Excavations are now in the 10th phase.
• Hundreds of artefacts have been unearthed, pointing to possible early urban culture in South India.

📝 Prelims MCQ
Which site in Tamil Nadu is associated with archaeological findings of a potential Sangam Age urban civilisation?
A) Adichanallur
B) Kodumanal
C) Keeladi
D) Arikamedu

Answer: C

📝 Mains GS1 Q
Evaluate the significance of the Keeladi excavations in understanding early urbanisation and cultural continuity in South India.

#GS1 #Keeladi #SangamAge #Archaeology #CultureAndHistory #history

🔆 India, Africa Must Build Together, Not Compete: PM in Namibia

📍 PM Modi’s address in Namibia emphasized cooperation, shared growth, and support for digital transformation.

✅ Key Highlights
• 🇮🇳 PM Modi reaffirmed India’s support for Namibia’s decolonisation, noting it was not just verbal but action-oriented.
• 🌍 He stressed India does not seek to compete with Africa, but rather “build together.”
• 💳 Congratulated Namibia for adopting India’s UPI digital payment system, launched under a licensing agreement between NPCI and Bank of Namibia (April 2024).
• 🤝 Signed MoUs on:
• Establishing an Entrepreneurship Development Centre
• Healthcare and medicine cooperation
• 🏅 Awarded Namibia’s highest civilian honour: Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis
• 🏛 Highlighted India’s support to Namibia’s freedom struggle and role in first diplomatic mission to SWAPO (1970s).

✅ Global South Collaboration
• 🇮🇳 Namibia joined the India-led Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) and Global Biofuel Alliance, strengthening South-South cooperation.

📝 Prelims MCQ
Which African country recently adopted India’s UPI payment system?
A) Kenya
B) South Africa
C) Namibia
D) Ghana

Answer: C

📝 Mains GS2 Q
How is India’s engagement with the Global South evolving in light of digital diplomacy and development partnerships? Illustrate with examples from Africa.

#GS2 #IndiaAfrica #DigitalDiplomacy #UPI #Namibia #GlobalSouth #IR

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🔆 Rare Hornbill Sighting Highlights Biodiversity in Kannur

📍 A rare coastal sighting of the Great Hornbill (Malamuzhakki Vezhambal), Kerala’s state bird, has renewed calls for ecological protection in the Ezhimala region.

✅ Key Highlights:
• Spotted in Kakkampara, Ezhimala (Kannur) — far from usual forested habitats.
• Typically found in Silent Valley, Nelliampathy, Aralam, Athirappilly.
• Considered an ecological indicator — signals habitat health.
• Sighted for ~2 weeks, foraging and moving across areas.
• Experts call for further studies on its movement to coastal hills.

✅ Conservation Status:
• IUCN: Endangered
• Protected under Schedule I, Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

✅ Why It Matters:
• Sighting underscores ecological richness of Ezhimala.
• Could strengthen case for coastal biodiversity conservation.
• Suggests region is a habitat corridor and possible micro hotspot.

📝 Prelims MCQ

Q. Consider the following statements about the Great Hornbill:
1. It is typically found in coastal belts of Kerala.
2. It is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List.
3. It is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

Which of the above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

🟩 Answer: B

📝 Mains GS3 Question

“The sighting of the Great Hornbill in non-forested coastal areas points to shifting ecological patterns.” Examine the role of rare species as ecological indicators in biodiversity conservation.

#GS3 #Environment

🔆 Ship ‘Arrested’ After Kerala’s Claim: Understanding Admiralty Suits

📍 Kerala High Court orders conditional arrest of MSC Akiketa over maritime damage

✅ Key Points
• Kerala HC ordered conditional arrest of Liberian ship MSC Akiketa III docked at Vizhinjam port, over claims linked to the sinking of MSC ELSA III.
• Govt filed an admiralty suit, a special legal process for maritime claims, under Admiralty (Jurisdiction & Settlement of Maritime Claims) Act, 2017.
• The act allows claims against vessels for:
  – Pollution damage
  – Loss of life
  – Wreck removal
  – Salvage or cargo loss

✅ Jurisdiction Rules
• Courts can exercise admiralty jurisdiction up to 12 nautical miles (territorial waters) from baseline.
• Subsoil, seabed, and airspace above water also included.

✅ Environmental Compensation Claim
• Kerala invoked Section 4 of Admiralty Act, which permits jurisdiction over:
  – Environmental damage
  – Costs of removing damage
• Claim backed by CPCB guidelines for pollution compensation.

✅ Total Claim Breakdown (Rs. 9.5 crore)
• ₹8.6 crore – Environmental damage
• ₹1.3 crore – Salvage, wreck removal
• ₹52.6 lakh – Economic losses to fishermen

✅ Laws Involved
• Admiralty Act, 2017 – Maritime suits, vessel arrest
• Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 – Oil pollution liability
• Environment Protection Act, 1986 – State authority action
• NGT – Can intervene in complex maritime pollution cases

📝 Prelims MCQ:
Under which law can Indian courts arrest a foreign vessel docked in India over environmental damage?
A) Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
B) Environment Protection Act, 1986
C) Admiralty Act, 2017
D) Territorial Waters Act, 1953

Answer: C

📝 Mains GS2/GS3 Question:
Discuss the legal framework and jurisdiction of Indian courts in addressing maritime disputes and environmental damage caused by foreign vessels.

#GS2 #GS3 #EnvironmentLaw #MaritimeDisputes #environment

🔆 Indian Astronaut Turns Farmer on ISS: Grows Seeds in Space

📍 In a unique experiment aboard the International Space Station (ISS), astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla tested plant growth under microgravity.

✅ Key Highlights
• 👨‍🚀 Shukla experimented with fenugreek and green gram seeds, studying microgravity’s impact on germination and early development.
• 🧪 Seeds were sprouted in petri dishes and stored for future study back on Earth.
• 🌱 The experiment is led by scientists from UAS Dharwad and IIT Dharwad.
• 🔬 Post-return, seeds will be cultivated across generations to study genetic, microbial, and nutritional changes.
• 🧬 Goal: Identify resilient plant traits for sustainable farming in space.
• 🦠 Also deployed microalgae, tested for their potential in producing food, oxygen, and biofuels — crucial for long-term space missions.
• 🧫 Shukla also supported stem cell research for injury recovery in space.

📝 Prelims MCQ
Which crop was recently tested for germination under microgravity by Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla?
A) Rice
B) Maize
C) Fenugreek
D) Wheat

Answer: C

? Mains GS3 Q
How does space research contribute to agricultural innovation and sustainability on Earth and beyond? Illustrate with recent developments.

#GS3 #ISRO #SpaceAgriculture #Fenugreek #GreenGram #SustainableFarming #ScienceAndTech
#science_and_technology #science_technology

🔆 India to Host Global Manuscript Heritage Meet

📍 First-ever International Manuscript Heritage Conference:
✅ Scheduled for September in New Delhi.
✅ Focus: Reclaiming India’s Knowledge Legacy through Manuscript Heritage.
✅ Will witness participation of global scholars, thought leaders, and cultural custodians.
✅ Organised as part of the “Gyan Bharatham Mission”.

📝 Prelims MCQ
Q. The “Gyan Bharatham Mission”, recently seen in news, is associated with:
A. Revival of ancient Indian maritime routes
B. Preservation of rare manuscripts and knowledge heritage
C. Promotion of AI in public administration
D. Enhancing skill development in tribal communities
Answer: B

📝 Mains GS1 Question:
Q. Discuss the significance of manuscript heritage in preserving India’s intellectual legacy. How can such initiatives aid in cultural diplomacy?

#GS1 #ArtAndCulture #Heritage #IndianKnowledgeSystems #GyanBharatham

🔆 Genetic Analysis Begins on Assam Rhino Horns

📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Over 2,573 rhino horns were collected, mostly destroyed earlier by the Assam Forest Department.
✅ Out of 2,623 horns stored, 2,479 were burnt in Sept 2021, barring those with uniqueness or legal status.
✅ DNA samples were extracted from the horns to aid rhino population management.
✅ Samples were sent to WII Dehradun for analysis under the Rhino DNA Index System (RhoDIS).
✅ Process was recorded and monitored by independent experts for transparency.
✅ Aim: Build DNA profiles to detect changes in genetic diversity over time and ensure scientific conservation.

📝 Prelims MCQ
Q. The Rhino DNA Index System (RhoDIS), recently in news, is primarily associated with:
A. Geo-tagging of tiger reserves
B. DNA profiling of rhino horns for conservation
C. Forest carbon monitoring system
D. Genetic editing for extinct species revival
Answer: B

📝 Mains GS3 Question:
Q. How can wildlife forensics and genetic technologies aid in the conservation of endangered species like the Indian rhinoceros? Illustrate with recent examples.

#GS3 #Conservation #RhinoDNA #Assam #Kaziranga #Biodiversity #WildlifeProtection #Environment

केंद्र सरकार ने मध्य प्रदेश, झारखंड, कर्नाटक, गुवाहाटी और पटना उच्च न्यायालयों के लिए नए मुख्य न्यायाधीशों (सीजे) की नियुक्ति को मंजूरी दे दी।

🔆Noctilucent Clouds:
✅They are thin, wispy clouds that glow with a blue or silvery hue at night when illuminated by sunlight from below the horizon.
✅Horizon refers to the apparent line that separates the Earth from the sky—specifically, the point below which the Sun appears to set.
✅The name ‘noctilucent’ is derived from the Latin words "nocto" and "lucent" which translates to "night" and "shining" respectively.
✅They are sometimes referred to as polar mesospheric clouds.
✅Most of our planet's clouds form in the Earth's troposphere. ✅Noctilucent clouds are located in the third layer of Earth's atmosphere, the mesosphere, making them Earth's highest clouds.
✅They only appear during the summer months, and only at latitudes between about 45 and 80 degrees north or south of the equator.
✅In the Northern Hemisphere, they can appear from the end of May to the beginning of August, with sightings more likely during June and July.
✅In the Southern Hemisphere, noctilucent cloud sightings are much rarer, but they can be visible from the end of November to the beginning of February, with sightings most likely during December and January.
✅In these months and at the right latitudes, the Sun only just sets below the horizon at nighttime.
✅That means these very high clouds can still be lit by bright sunlight from below, even though the rest of the surface is in darkness – making the clouds appear to glow.
✅The Sun sets increasingly less below the horizon the further north you go, which means northern latitudes will experience noctilucent clouds for longer during the night.
📍How are noctilucent clouds formed?
✅They are formed of ice crystals; in the summer the mesosphere becomes cold enough to allow ice to form on suspended dust particles floating in the atmosphere.
✅The dust particles may originate from micrometeorites falling to Earth from space, or the dust left over from volcanic eruptions.
✅Humans have also accidentally seeded our own noctilucent clouds through the exhausts of rockets propelled into space.
✅The ice crystals that form reflect the sunlight when the Sun hits them from below, causing the clouds' characteristic shimmer.


#GS1 #geography #prelims

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🔆 Lok Sabha to Introduce Multimedia Attendance System

📍From Monsoon Session 2025, LS MPs must mark attendance from their seats via a Multimedia Device (MMD) system.

✅ Key Points:
• MPs to register attendance using I-card, biometrics, or PIN from respective seats.
• MMD replaces manual register signing; terminals already installed.
• Mandatory attendance needed for MPs to claim daily parliamentary allowances.
• Move aims to reduce lobby congestion and prevent MPs from marking attendance without attending proceedings.
• System will go live from July 21, 2025.
• Rajya Sabha may adopt the same soon.

📝 Prelims MCQ
What is the purpose of the Multimedia Device system introduced in the Lok Sabha?
A) To enable live voting
B) To register attendance digitally
C) To stream House debates
D) To monitor party-wise voting
Answer: B

📝 Mains GS2 Q
Discuss the significance of digital reforms like biometric attendance systems in enhancing accountability and transparency in Parliamentary functioning.

#GS2 #Parliament #DigitalReform #Accountability #IndianPolity #polity

🔆 Wular Lake Revival: Lotuses Bloom After 30 Years in Kashmir

✅ Wular Lake, one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes, has seen a revival of lotus blooms after three decades—an indicator of improving ecological health
✅ Located in Bandipora, Kashmir Valley, Wular is surrounded by 31 villages, supporting over 12,000 households

📍 Ecological Decline & Recovery:
✅ Lotuses stopped blooming in 1992 after Jhelum river floods damaged the ecosystem
✅ Over the years, farming runoff and siltation led to nutrient overload (N, P, K) → oxygen-depleted water
✅ De-siltation and wetland restoration enabled lotus return, acting as a natural barometer of water quality
✅ Lake area reduced from 217.8 sq. km (1911) to 86.7 sq. km (2007) due to encroachment & land conversion

📍 Cultural & Economic Importance:
✅ Lotus stems used in Kashmiri cuisine & rituals
✅ Lake sustains livelihoods via chestnut harvesting, fishing, etc.
✅ Wular is central to Kashmiri folklore, associated with gods and kings

Prelims MCQ
Q. Wular Lake, recently in news for ecological revival, is located in:
A. Ladakh
B. Jammu region
C. Kashmir Valley
D. Himachal Pradesh
✅ Answer: C

Mains Question
(GS3 – 150 words)
Ecological restoration of water bodies like Wular Lake reflects the impact of local conservation and de-siltation efforts. Discuss the environmental and socio-economic significance of reviving freshwater lakes in India.

Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)
✅ It is an intergovernmental food standards body, set up in 1963.
✅ It was established jointly by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO), within the framework of the Joint Food Standards Programme.
✅Objective: To protect consumer’s health and ensure fair practices in the food trade.
✅ Members: Currently, 189 members (188 UN member countries and the European Union).
✅ India became a member in 1964.
✅ Headquarter: Rome 

#prelims