Metoprolol👩🏻‍⚕🤍

إما أن يكون
Metoprolol Succinate
S : Single dose 💊
طويل المفعول 👆🏻
OR

Metoprolol Tartrate
T : Two dose 💊💊
قصير المفعول 👆🏻

العلامات الحيوية والقيم الطبيعية لها
🔴 @med_info1

بُشرى وبصيص أمَل ❤️‍🩹
لأول مرة في العالم.. علماء صينيون يعلنون عن شفاء مريض سكري باستخدام العلاج بالخلايا الجذعية

🔴 @med_info1

﴿إِنَّ اللهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيمًا﴾.

«اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ وَسَلِّمْ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ».

🍓 focal necrosis ( spotty )➡️small clusters of cells

🍓zonal necrosis➡️necrosis of central zon↔️necrosis of zone 3 in viral hepatitis

🍓piecemeal necrosis (interface hepatitis)➡️the limiting plate between parynchema and portal tract
🍓bridging necrosis➡️porto-portal. Porto-central or central –cental

🍓sub-massive necrosis

🍓massive necrosis ( confluent ) necrosis➡️most of the liver is affected

🍓APOPTOSIS➡️Councilman bodies➡️acidophilic bodies

🍓Inflammation..
-Early..portal triad.
-Late..sinusoids


🍓acute viral hepatitis🍓
➡️ballooning degeneration
➡️apoptosis
➡️necrosis more in zone 3
➡️inflammatory cells
➡️hyperplasia of kupffer cells
➡️cholestasis in the liver cells➡️Fatty change is uncommon

🍓Fulminant hepatitis..the liver is
➡️Shrunken
➡️Soft
➡️Brown
➡️Complete necrosis of hepatocytes.

🍓Recovery occurs if the liver framework is not affected.

🍓Carrier state➡️ HBV, HCV.

🍓Chronic hepatitis🍓
➡️the interface hepatitis is the most common necrosis
➡️councilman bodies(apoptosis)
➡️inflammation
➡️fibrosis


🍓chronic hepatitis C🍓
➡️ballooning degeneration
➡️steatosis
➡️cholestasis

🍓chronic hepatitis B🍓
➡️ ground glass cytoplasm
Due to extensive endoplasmic reticulum hyperplasia + massive accumulation of HBsAg.
➡️sanded nuclei

🍓Scheuer's system
Grading➡️ degree of inflammation.
Staging➡️ degree of fibrosis.

🍓Autoimmune hepatitis🍓
➡️Chronic active hepatitis
➡️release of antibodies to hepatocyte
➡️necrosis with rosette formation
➡️inflammatory infiltrate by mononuclear cells mainly plasma cells and lymphocytes.


🍓 Alcoholic hepatitis (Steatohepatitis)🍓
➡️Mallory bodies
➡️Fatty liver (microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis) ➡️pericellular and perivenular sclerosis pattern
➡️Neutrophilic reaction

🍓Drug – induced hepatitis🍓➡️ izonized. And methyl dopa
➡️necrosis mainly in zone 3
➡️non caseating granuloma rich in eosinophils

🍓 Wilson disease🍓
➡️fibrosis due to increase deposition of the copper in the liver cells
➡️Mallory body formation and glycogenated nuclei.
🍓Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency🍓
➡️Genetic disease causing liver cirrhosis + emphysema
➡️hyaline PAS positive material within the hepatocyte.


🍓MICRONODULAR CIRRHOSIS➡️caused by alcohol damage


🍓 MACRONODULAR CIRRHOSIS➡️following hepatitis B infection


🍓 Primary biliary cirrhosis🍓➡️inflammatory destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts
➡️Autoimmune disease
➡️Female

🍓Secondary biliary cirrhosis🍓➡️obstruction of intra or extrahepatic duct
➡️caused by stone, tumor, stricture.

🍓Cholestasis ➡️Retention of bilirubin +bile salts and cholesterol

#GIT