🔆 Glaciers in India
✅ Image credit - RaghukulCs
▪️Name State Mountain Range
✅Batura Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Khurdopin Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Hispar Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Biafo Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Baltoro Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Chomolungma glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Diamir Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Siachen Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Gangotri Glacier Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand Himalayas
✅Milam Glacier Uttarakhand Trishul peak of Pithoragarh
✅Pindari glacier Nanda Devi, Uttarakhand Upper reaches of the Kumaon Himalayas
✅Zemu Glacier Sikkim Eastern Himalaya Located on Kanchenjunga peak
@mapping_upsc_prelims
✅ Image credit - RaghukulCs
▪️Name State Mountain Range
✅Batura Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Khurdopin Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Hispar Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Biafo Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Baltoro Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Chomolungma glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Diamir Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Siachen Glacier Ladakh Karakoram Mountain Range
✅Gangotri Glacier Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand Himalayas
✅Milam Glacier Uttarakhand Trishul peak of Pithoragarh
✅Pindari glacier Nanda Devi, Uttarakhand Upper reaches of the Kumaon Himalayas
✅Zemu Glacier Sikkim Eastern Himalaya Located on Kanchenjunga peak
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#Desert_series
#World_geography
🔆Deserts across the World
✅North America
1.Great Basin USA(Cold desert)
2.Mojave USA
3.Sonoran USA & Mexico
4.Chihuhuan USA & Mexico
✅South America
1.Atacama Chile & Peru(Cool Coastal Desert)
2.Patagonian Argentina(Cold)
Africa
1.Sahara Africa continent
2.Libyan Libya & Egypt
3.Nubian Sudan & Eritrea
4.Danakil Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti
5. Namib Namibia, Angola, South Africa(Cool Coastal)
6. Kalahari Botswana, Namibia, South Africa
✅Asia
1.Rub-al-Khali Saudi Arabia, UAE, Yemen, Oman
2. Al-Nafud - Saudi Arabia
3. Ad-Dahana - Saudi Arabia
4. Syrian - Syria, Iran, Jordan
5. Kyzylkum - Kazakhstan, Turkemenistan, Uzbekistan(Cold)
6.Garagum Turkemenistan(Cold)
7.Dasht-e-Kavir Iran
8.Dasht-e-lut Iran
9.Thar India & pakistan
10.Takla Makan China (Cold)
11.Gobi China & Mongolia(Cold)
✅Australia
1.Great Sandy Australia
2.Gibson Australia
3.Great Victoria Australia
4.Simpson Australia
@mapping_upsc_prelims
#World_geography
🔆Deserts across the World
✅North America
1.Great Basin USA(Cold desert)
2.Mojave USA
3.Sonoran USA & Mexico
4.Chihuhuan USA & Mexico
✅South America
1.Atacama Chile & Peru(Cool Coastal Desert)
2.Patagonian Argentina(Cold)
Africa
1.Sahara Africa continent
2.Libyan Libya & Egypt
3.Nubian Sudan & Eritrea
4.Danakil Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti
5. Namib Namibia, Angola, South Africa(Cool Coastal)
6. Kalahari Botswana, Namibia, South Africa
✅Asia
1.Rub-al-Khali Saudi Arabia, UAE, Yemen, Oman
2. Al-Nafud - Saudi Arabia
3. Ad-Dahana - Saudi Arabia
4. Syrian - Syria, Iran, Jordan
5. Kyzylkum - Kazakhstan, Turkemenistan, Uzbekistan(Cold)
6.Garagum Turkemenistan(Cold)
7.Dasht-e-Kavir Iran
8.Dasht-e-lut Iran
9.Thar India & pakistan
10.Takla Makan China (Cold)
11.Gobi China & Mongolia(Cold)
✅Australia
1.Great Sandy Australia
2.Gibson Australia
3.Great Victoria Australia
4.Simpson Australia
@mapping_upsc_prelims
▪️Ganga River
▪️The Five Prayags
▪️Devaprayag, the place of confluence of Bhagirathi river and Alaknanda river.
▪️Rudraprayag, the place of confluence of Mandakini river and Alaknanda river.
▪️Nandaprayag, the place of confluence of Nandakini river and Alaknanda river.
▪️Karnaprayag, the place of confluence of Pindar river and Alaknanda river.
▪️Vishnuprayag, the place of confluence of Dhauliganga river and Alaknanda river.
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▪️The Five Prayags
▪️Devaprayag, the place of confluence of Bhagirathi river and Alaknanda river.
▪️Rudraprayag, the place of confluence of Mandakini river and Alaknanda river.
▪️Nandaprayag, the place of confluence of Nandakini river and Alaknanda river.
▪️Karnaprayag, the place of confluence of Pindar river and Alaknanda river.
▪️Vishnuprayag, the place of confluence of Dhauliganga river and Alaknanda river.
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✍भारत के प्रमुख दर्रे।
■ काराकोरम दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ जोजिला दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ पीरपंजाल दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ बनिहाल दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ बुर्जिल दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ शिपकीला दर्रा - हिमाचल प्रदेश
■ रोहतांग दर्रा - हिमाचल प्रदेश
■ बड़ालाचा दर्रा - हिमाचल प्रदेश
■ लिपुलेख दर्रा - उत्तराखंड
■ माना दर्रा - उत्तराखंड
■ नीति दर्रा - उत्तराखंड
■ नाथूला दर्रा - सिक्किम
■ जैलेप्लो दर्रा - सिक्किम
■ बोम्डिला दर्रा - अरुणाचल प्रदेश
■ यांग्याप दर्रा - अरुणाचल प्रदेश
■ दिफू दर्रा - अरुणाचल प्रदेश
■ तुजु दर्रा - मणिपुर
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■ काराकोरम दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ जोजिला दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ पीरपंजाल दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ बनिहाल दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ बुर्जिल दर्रा - जम्मू कश्मीर
■ शिपकीला दर्रा - हिमाचल प्रदेश
■ रोहतांग दर्रा - हिमाचल प्रदेश
■ बड़ालाचा दर्रा - हिमाचल प्रदेश
■ लिपुलेख दर्रा - उत्तराखंड
■ माना दर्रा - उत्तराखंड
■ नीति दर्रा - उत्तराखंड
■ नाथूला दर्रा - सिक्किम
■ जैलेप्लो दर्रा - सिक्किम
■ बोम्डिला दर्रा - अरुणाचल प्रदेश
■ यांग्याप दर्रा - अरुणाचल प्रदेश
■ दिफू दर्रा - अरुणाचल प्रदेश
■ तुजु दर्रा - मणिपुर
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#Tribes_series
▪️Important Tribes of india || In News ||
1)Bonda - Orissa.
2)Katkari - Maharashtra, Gujarat.
3)sahariya-M.P.,Rajasthan.
4)Baiga tribe-M.p.
5)Asur and paharia-Jharkhand
6)Reang/Bru-Tripura.. Mizoram.
7)Chenchu tribe-Andhrapradesh
8)Konda reddy-Andhrapradesh
9)Onge, Jarawa and Sentineles -
Andaman nicobar.
10)Chakma-Mizoram
11)Angami-Nagaland
12)Santhal-Jharkhand
13)Changpa-Ladakh
14)Parivara, Talwara and
the Siddi community Tribes from = Karnataka.
@mapping_upsc_prelims
▪️Important Tribes of india || In News ||
1)Bonda - Orissa.
2)Katkari - Maharashtra, Gujarat.
3)sahariya-M.P.,Rajasthan.
4)Baiga tribe-M.p.
5)Asur and paharia-Jharkhand
6)Reang/Bru-Tripura.. Mizoram.
7)Chenchu tribe-Andhrapradesh
8)Konda reddy-Andhrapradesh
9)Onge, Jarawa and Sentineles -
Andaman nicobar.
10)Chakma-Mizoram
11)Angami-Nagaland
12)Santhal-Jharkhand
13)Changpa-Ladakh
14)Parivara, Talwara and
the Siddi community Tribes from = Karnataka.
@mapping_upsc_prelims
🔆Critically Endangered Birds
🔸Aythya baeri
🔸Forest Owlet
🔸Great Indian Bustard
🔸Bengal Florican
🔸Siberian Crane
🔸Spoon-billed Sandpiper
🔸Sociable Lapwing
🔸Jerdon’s Courser
🔸White-backed Vulture
🔸Red-headed Vulture
🔸White-bellied Heron
🔸Slender-billed Vulture
🔸Indian Vulture
🔸Pink-headed Duck
🔸Himalayan Quail
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🔸Aythya baeri
🔸Forest Owlet
🔸Great Indian Bustard
🔸Bengal Florican
🔸Siberian Crane
🔸Spoon-billed Sandpiper
🔸Sociable Lapwing
🔸Jerdon’s Courser
🔸White-backed Vulture
🔸Red-headed Vulture
🔸White-bellied Heron
🔸Slender-billed Vulture
🔸Indian Vulture
🔸Pink-headed Duck
🔸Himalayan Quail
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▪️Biosphere Reserve of India
▪️Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation by UNESCO for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/ marine ecosystems or a combination thereof.
▪️There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in the country.
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▪️Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation by UNESCO for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/ marine ecosystems or a combination thereof.
▪️There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in the country.
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▪️Top ten river India
▪️ image source - maponindia
🔸River -Length (in India)
1. Ganges -2,525 Km
2. Godavari- 1,465 Km
3. Krishna -1,400 Km
4. Narmada- 1,313 Km
5. Yamuna -1,211 Km
6. Indus-1,114 Km
7. Brahmaputra -916 Km
8. Mahanadi -851 Km
9. Kaveri- 800 Km
10. Tapi -724 Km
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▪️ image source - maponindia
🔸River -Length (in India)
1. Ganges -2,525 Km
2. Godavari- 1,465 Km
3. Krishna -1,400 Km
4. Narmada- 1,313 Km
5. Yamuna -1,211 Km
6. Indus-1,114 Km
7. Brahmaputra -916 Km
8. Mahanadi -851 Km
9. Kaveri- 800 Km
10. Tapi -724 Km
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🔆ARCTIC CIRCLE
✅The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth.
✅It marks the northernmost point at which the centre of the noon sun is just visible on the December solstice and the southernmost point at which the centre of the midnight sun is just visible on the June solstice.
✅The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, the Scandinavian Peninsula, North Asia, Northern America, and Greenland.
✅The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grimsey).
✅The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic, and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone.
The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed and currently runs 66°33′48.3″ north of the Equator.
✅The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 km (9,900 mi) long. The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km2 (7,700,000 sq. mi) and covers roughly 4% of Earth's surface.
✅The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic.
✅The eight countries with sovereignty over the lands within the Arctic Circle constitute the members of the council: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. Outside these, there are some observer states.
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✅The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth.
✅It marks the northernmost point at which the centre of the noon sun is just visible on the December solstice and the southernmost point at which the centre of the midnight sun is just visible on the June solstice.
✅The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, the Scandinavian Peninsula, North Asia, Northern America, and Greenland.
✅The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grimsey).
✅The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic, and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone.
The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed and currently runs 66°33′48.3″ north of the Equator.
✅The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 km (9,900 mi) long. The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km2 (7,700,000 sq. mi) and covers roughly 4% of Earth's surface.
✅The Arctic Council is a high-level intergovernmental forum that addresses issues faced by the Arctic governments and the indigenous people of the Arctic.
✅The eight countries with sovereignty over the lands within the Arctic Circle constitute the members of the council: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. Outside these, there are some observer states.
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▪️The Tropic of Cancer
✅Source edubaba
✅The Tropic of Cancer is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth.
✅Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line, at an angle of 23.50 degrees North from the Equator.
✅The Tropic of cancer passes through 17 countries, 3 continents and 6 water bodies.
✅North America : Bahamas (Archipelago), Mexico
✅Africa :Egypt, Libya, Niger, Algeria, Mali, Western Sahara, Mauritania
✅Asia : Taiwan, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia
✅Water Bodies : Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Taiwan Strait, Red Sea, Gulf of Mexico
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✅Source edubaba
✅The Tropic of Cancer is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth.
✅Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line, at an angle of 23.50 degrees North from the Equator.
✅The Tropic of cancer passes through 17 countries, 3 continents and 6 water bodies.
✅North America : Bahamas (Archipelago), Mexico
✅Africa :Egypt, Libya, Niger, Algeria, Mali, Western Sahara, Mauritania
✅Asia : Taiwan, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia
✅Water Bodies : Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Taiwan Strait, Red Sea, Gulf of Mexico
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🔆Tropic of Capricorn
✅ Source edubaba
✅The Tropic of Capricorn is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth.
✅The 23.5 degrees south latitude in the Southern Hemisphere is known as Tropic of Capricorn.
✅ The Tropic of Capricorn’s position is not fixed, but constantly changes because of a slight wobble in the Earth’s longitudinal alignment relative to its orbit around the Sun Its latitude is currently 23°26′11.7″ (or 23.43659°) south of the Equator
✅Tropic of Capricorn passes through 10 countries, 3 continents and 3 water bodies.
✅South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay
✅Africa: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar
✅Australia: Australia
✅Water Bodies: Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean
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✅ Source edubaba
✅The Tropic of Capricorn is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth.
✅The 23.5 degrees south latitude in the Southern Hemisphere is known as Tropic of Capricorn.
✅ The Tropic of Capricorn’s position is not fixed, but constantly changes because of a slight wobble in the Earth’s longitudinal alignment relative to its orbit around the Sun Its latitude is currently 23°26′11.7″ (or 23.43659°) south of the Equator
✅Tropic of Capricorn passes through 10 countries, 3 continents and 3 water bodies.
✅South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay
✅Africa: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar
✅Australia: Australia
✅Water Bodies: Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean
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🔆Atacama Desert
✅ Source edubaba
✅The Atacama Desert is a 600-mile-long (1,000 kilometers) plateau in the north of Chile, near the borders of Peru, Bolivia and Argentina in South America.
✅The Atacama Desert is the driest nonpolar desert in the world, as well as the only true desert to receive less precipitation than the polar deserts.
✅Why is the Atacama Desert so dry?
🔸The first reason is that the desert sits on the wrong side of the Andes with regards to prevailing winds.
🔸The second reason is high air pressure.
🔸the last reason is the cold Humboldt Current from the Pacific Ocean.
✅The species diversity of the Atacama Desert is highly restricted.
✅The Atacama Desert contains the world’s largest supply of sodium nitrate, making it a valuable resource.
✅The Atacama Desert forms part of the arid Pacific fringe of South America.
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✅ Source edubaba
✅The Atacama Desert is a 600-mile-long (1,000 kilometers) plateau in the north of Chile, near the borders of Peru, Bolivia and Argentina in South America.
✅The Atacama Desert is the driest nonpolar desert in the world, as well as the only true desert to receive less precipitation than the polar deserts.
✅Why is the Atacama Desert so dry?
🔸The first reason is that the desert sits on the wrong side of the Andes with regards to prevailing winds.
🔸The second reason is high air pressure.
🔸the last reason is the cold Humboldt Current from the Pacific Ocean.
✅The species diversity of the Atacama Desert is highly restricted.
✅The Atacama Desert contains the world’s largest supply of sodium nitrate, making it a valuable resource.
✅The Atacama Desert forms part of the arid Pacific fringe of South America.
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🔆 THE Equator
✅Source edubaba
✅An equator is an imaginary line around the middle of a planet or other celestial body.
✅It is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole, at 0 degrees latitude.
✅Equator divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere.
✅The equator is one of the five notable circles of latitude on Earth; the other four are both polar circles (the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle) and both tropical circles (the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn).
✅Equator passes through 13 countries, 3 continents and 3 water bodies.
✅South America:Ecuador, Colombia,Brazil.
✅Africa:Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda,Kenya, Sao Tome and Principe,Somalia.
✅Asia: Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati (Oceania)
✅Water Bodies:Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean.
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✅Source edubaba
✅An equator is an imaginary line around the middle of a planet or other celestial body.
✅It is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole, at 0 degrees latitude.
✅Equator divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere.
✅The equator is one of the five notable circles of latitude on Earth; the other four are both polar circles (the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle) and both tropical circles (the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn).
✅Equator passes through 13 countries, 3 continents and 3 water bodies.
✅South America:Ecuador, Colombia,Brazil.
✅Africa:Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda,Kenya, Sao Tome and Principe,Somalia.
✅Asia: Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati (Oceania)
✅Water Bodies:Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean.
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🔆Andes Mountains
✅ Source edubaba
✅Type -Volcanic Arc
✅The Andes were formed as a result of convergent tectonic plate boundary processes, caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate (oceanic crust) beneath the South American Plate.
✅They are also part of the American Cordillera
✅Length - 7,000 Km.
✅Location-Continuous highland along the western edge of South America
🔸Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
✅The world’s highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado (~6,890 m high) on the Chile-Argentina border.
✅The highest peak is Mount Aconcagua (6,962 m) (volcanic origin, but now it’s dormant).
✅Climate-Precipitation varies widely
✅Vegetation -Andean soils are relatively young
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✅ Source edubaba
✅Type -Volcanic Arc
✅The Andes were formed as a result of convergent tectonic plate boundary processes, caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate (oceanic crust) beneath the South American Plate.
✅They are also part of the American Cordillera
✅Length - 7,000 Km.
✅Location-Continuous highland along the western edge of South America
🔸Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
✅The world’s highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado (~6,890 m high) on the Chile-Argentina border.
✅The highest peak is Mount Aconcagua (6,962 m) (volcanic origin, but now it’s dormant).
✅Climate-Precipitation varies widely
✅Vegetation -Andean soils are relatively young
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💡Indian Subcontinent Biogeographic Reason
1.Trans-Himalayas
2.a Greater Himalayas
2.b Lesser/Middle Himalayas
2.c Siwalik Hills/Outer Himalayas
2.d Northeast Hills
3. Indo-Gangetic Plains
4.a Desert/Arid Zone
4.b Semi-Arid Zone
5.Central Highlands
6.Deccan Plateau and the southern peninsular plains
7.Western Ghats
8.Eastern Ghats
9.Coasts
10. Islands
#geography
#Important
#Geographyoptional
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1.Trans-Himalayas
2.a Greater Himalayas
2.b Lesser/Middle Himalayas
2.c Siwalik Hills/Outer Himalayas
2.d Northeast Hills
3. Indo-Gangetic Plains
4.a Desert/Arid Zone
4.b Semi-Arid Zone
5.Central Highlands
6.Deccan Plateau and the southern peninsular plains
7.Western Ghats
8.Eastern Ghats
9.Coasts
10. Islands
#geography
#Important
#Geographyoptional
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💡Eco sensitive zones
✅The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has asked the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to consider declaring all elephant corridors in the country as eco-sensitive zones.
✅NGT has given two weeks time to the Ministry to look into the issue and to proceed in the matter for declaration of such areas as eco sensitive zones.
#prelims
#mains
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✅The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has asked the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to consider declaring all elephant corridors in the country as eco-sensitive zones.
✅NGT has given two weeks time to the Ministry to look into the issue and to proceed in the matter for declaration of such areas as eco sensitive zones.
#prelims
#mains
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