Correct Answer - A
Ans. A: Isovolumic relaxation phase

Maximum coronary blood flow occurs during the phase of
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation phase Isovolumetric/isometric relaxation www.tgoop.com/IVRT

An interval in the cardiac cycle, from the aortic component of the
second heart sound, that is, closure of the aortic valve, to onset of
filling by opening of the mitral valve.

Ventricular pressure decreases to zero rapidly while aortic pressure
decreases only to 80 mm Hg i.e. it remains fairly high.

Therefore, intra myocardial compression of blood vessels is minimal and perfusion pressure is maintained fairly high.
So coronary blood flow rises sharply

Maximum coronary blood flow occurs during this phase
It can be used as an indicator of diastolic dysfunction.

Prolonged IVRT indicates poor myocardial relaxation.
A normal IVRT is about 70 ± 12 ms, and approximately 10ms longer
in people over forty years.

In abnormal relaxation, IVRT is usually in excess of 110ms.
With restrictive ventricular filling, it is usually under 60 ms

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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. S4
[Ref CECIL p.212]
S4 occurs just before 1st heart sound (1st heart sound is due to
closure of AV valve, i.e. mitral & tricuspid valve).

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Correct Answer - A
Ans. A. Apex
[Ref Understandings of medical physiology p.791]
"The air spaces at the apices of the lungs tend to be relatively
distended, due to weight of the lungs effectively dragging itself
downwards, putting traction on the upper part of the lung and
stretching the apical air spaces open."

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Correct Answer - B
Answer is B (Positive in Lead I and Negative in Lead II)

Left axis deviation is seen as positive deflexion in Lead I and a
Negative deflection in Lead II.

Calculating the cardiac axis:
Normal Axis
Right axis
deviation
Left axis
deviation
Lead I Positive Negative Positive
Lead II Positive Positive or negative Negative
Lead III Positive ornegative
Positive Negative


Note:
Lead I : POSITIVE BETWEEN -90 TO +90 (CLOCKWISE) Lead II :
POSITIVE BETWEEN -30 TO +150 (CLOCKWISE) Lead III :
POSITIVE BETWEEN +30 TO -150 (CLOCKWISE)

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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. Calcaneal reflex
S1 S2 is checked by ankle jerk (also called Calcaneal reflex or
achilles reflex).

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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. Adrenal medulla
[Ref: Textbook of Human physiology by sherwood p.681.]

The Adrenal medulla is actually a modified part of the sympathetic
nervous system.

The adrenal medulla consists of modified postganglionic
sympathetic neurons called chromaffin cells.

Unlike ordinary postganglionic sympathetic neurons, chromaffine
cells, do not have axonal fibers that terminate on effector organs.
Instead, on stimulation by preganglionic fibers, the chromaffine in cells release their chemical transmitter directly into theblood.


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Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. Fundus

Anatomically the stomach is divided into fundus, body (corpus),
antrum and pylorus.

However, functionally, the stomach is divided into a proximal and
distal end.

'Proximal stomach' includes fundus and proximal l/3d of the body
and 'distal stomach" includes distal 2/3d of the body and the antrum.

A vasovagal reflex triggered by swallowing a bolus of food causes
the lower esophageal sphincter to open and the proximal stomach to
dilate (receptive relaxation) to accommodate the swallowed food.
As a result, the internal pressure hardly rises in spite of the
increased filling.

Thus, the proximal stomach serves primarily the function of storage.

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Correct answer: A word formation.

Brocas area - motor part of speech
Wernikes area - site of integration

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Correct Answer - A
A i.e. (SBP + 2DBP) /3

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Correct Answer - C

The CSF is formed in the choroid plexuses and the remainder is formed around blood vessels and along ventricular walls. CSF fills the ventricles and subarachnoid
space.


In humans, the volume of CSF is about 150 mL and the rate of CSF production is about 550 mL/d. Thus the CSF turns over about 3.7 times a day.

The composition of CSF is
essentially the same as that of brain extracellular fluid (ECF), which in living humans makes
up 15% of the brain volume. pH (7.31 - 7.34) slightly less than plasma (7.35 - 7.45). CSF
contain no neutrophils. Its differential count is: Lymphocyte - 60-70%, Monocytes - 30-50%,
Neutrophils - None

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