• Find the first occurrence of a tag.

first_link = soup.find('a')

• Find all occurrences of a tag.

all_links = soup.find_all('a')

• Find tags by their CSS class.

articles = soup.find_all('div', class_='article-content')

• Find a tag by its ID.

main_content = soup.find(id='main-container')

• Find tags by other attributes.

images = soup.find_all('img', attrs={'data-src': True})

• Find using a list of multiple tags.

headings = soup.find_all(['h1', 'h2', 'h3'])

• Find using a regular expression.

import re
links_with_blog = soup.find_all('a', href=re.compile(r'blog'))

• Find using a custom function.

# Finds tags with a 'class' but no 'id'
tags = soup.find_all(lambda tag: tag.has_attr('class') and not tag.has_attr('id'))

• Limit the number of results.

first_five_links = soup.find_all('a', limit=5)

• Use CSS Selectors to find one element.

footer = soup.select_one('#footer > p')

• Use CSS Selectors to find all matching elements.

article_links = soup.select('div.article a')

• Select direct children using CSS selector.

nav_items = soup.select('ul.nav > li')

IV. Extracting Data with BeautifulSoup

• Get the text content from a tag.

title_text = soup.title.get_text()

• Get stripped text content.

link_text = soup.find('a').get_text(strip=True)

• Get all text from the entire document.

all_text = soup.get_text()

• Get an attribute's value (like a URL).

link_url = soup.find('a')['href']

• Get the tag's name.

tag_name = soup.find('h1').name

• Get all attributes of a tag as a dictionary.

attrs_dict = soup.find('img').attrs

V. Parsing with lxml and XPath

• Import the library.

from lxml import html

• Parse HTML content with lxml.

tree = html.fromstring(response.content)

• Select elements using an XPath expression.

# Selects all <a> tags inside <div> tags with class 'nav'
links = tree.xpath('//div[@class="nav"]/a')

• Select text content directly with XPath.

# Gets the text of all <h1> tags
h1_texts = tree.xpath('//h1/text()')

• Select an attribute value with XPath.

# Gets all href attributes from <a> tags
hrefs = tree.xpath('//a/@href')

VI. Handling Dynamic Content (Selenium)

• Import the webdriver.

from selenium import webdriver

• Initialize a browser driver.

driver = webdriver.Chrome() # Requires chromedriver

• Navigate to a webpage.

driver.get('http://example.com')

• Find an element by its ID.

element = driver.find_element('id', 'my-element-id')

• Find elements by CSS Selector.

elements = driver.find_elements('css selector', 'div.item')

• Find an element by XPath.

button = driver.find_element('xpath', '//button[@type="submit"]')

• Click a button.

button.click()

• Enter text into an input field.

search_box = driver.find_element('name', 'q')
search_box.send_keys('Python Selenium')

• Wait for an element to become visible.

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
    EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "myDynamicElement"))
)

• Get the page source after JavaScript has executed.

dynamic_html = driver.page_source

• Close the browser window.

driver.quit()

VII. Common Tasks & Best Practices

• Handle pagination by finding the "Next" link.

next_page_url = soup.find('a', text='Next')['href']

• Save data to a CSV file.

import csv
with open('data.csv', 'w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    writer = csv.writer(f)
    writer.writerow(['Title', 'Link'])
    # writer.writerow([title, url]) in a loop

• Save data to CSV using pandas.

import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['Title', 'Link'])
df.to_csv('data.csv', index=False)

• Use a proxy with requests.

proxies = {'http': 'http://10.10.1.10:3128', 'https': 'http://10.10.1.10:1080'}
requests.get('http://example.com', proxies=proxies)

• Pause between requests to be polite.

import time
time.sleep(2) # Pause for 2 seconds

• Handle JSON data from an API.

json_response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data').json()

• Download a file (like an image).

img_url = 'http://example.com/image.jpg'
img_data = requests.get(img_url).content
with open('image.jpg', 'wb') as handler:
    handler.write(img_data)

• Parse a sitemap.xml to find all URLs.

# Get the sitemap.xml file and parse it like any other XML/HTML to extract <loc> tags.

VIII. Advanced Frameworks (Scrapy)

• Create a Scrapy spider (conceptual command).

scrapy genspider example example.com

• Define a parse method to process the response.

# In your spider class:
def parse(self, response):
    # parsing logic here
    pass

• Extract data using Scrapy's CSS selectors.

titles = response.css('h1::text').getall()

• Extract data using Scrapy's XPath selectors.

links = response.xpath('//a/@href').getall()

• Yield a dictionary of scraped data.

yield {'title': response.css('title::text').get()}

• Follow a link to parse the next page.

next_page = response.css('li.next a::attr(href)').get()
if next_page is not None:
    yield response.follow(next_page, callback=self.parse)

• Run a spider from the command line.

scrapy crawl example -o output.json

• Pass arguments to a spider.

scrapy crawl example -a category=books

• Create a Scrapy Item for structured data.

import scrapy
class ProductItem(scrapy.Item):
    name = scrapy.Field()
    price = scrapy.Field()

• Use an Item Loader to populate Items.

from scrapy.loader import ItemLoader
loader = ItemLoader(item=ProductItem(), response=response)
loader.add_css('name', 'h1.product-name::text')

#Python #WebScraping #BeautifulSoup #Selenium #Requests

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
By: @DataScienceN ✨

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