πGOPI THOTAKURA
First indian space tourist
This news important for PCS aspect
In the hindu it's breifly explain
#person in news
First indian space tourist
This news important for PCS aspect
In the hindu it's breifly explain
#person in news
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)
FR-CSM-23-engl-160424.pdf
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)
Socialistic Principles DPSP
β Art. 38 : State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people (Added by 44th CAA 1978)
β Art. 39 : Certain principles of policy to be followed by the state.
β Art. 39 (b) and (c) are exceptions to Art. 14 and 19.
β Art. 39 A :Equal justice and free legal aid. (Added by 42nd CAA 1976)
β Art. 41 : Right to work, education and public assistance in certain cases.
β Art. 42 : Provision for just and humane conditions of working and maternity relief.
β Art. 43 : Living wage for workers. (Living wage includes
education, health and insurance etc.)
β Art. 43A : Participation of workers in management of industries. (Added by 42nd CAA 1976)
β Art. 47 : Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition, standard of living and improve public health.
β Art. 38 : State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people (Added by 44th CAA 1978)
β Art. 39 : Certain principles of policy to be followed by the state.
β Art. 39 (b) and (c) are exceptions to Art. 14 and 19.
β Art. 39 A :Equal justice and free legal aid. (Added by 42nd CAA 1976)
β Art. 41 : Right to work, education and public assistance in certain cases.
β Art. 42 : Provision for just and humane conditions of working and maternity relief.
β Art. 43 : Living wage for workers. (Living wage includes
education, health and insurance etc.)
β Art. 43A : Participation of workers in management of industries. (Added by 42nd CAA 1976)
β Art. 47 : Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition, standard of living and improve public health.
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)
Hibernation: It is a winter dormancy state in warm-blooded mammals characterized by reduced metabolism and lowered body temperature in response to cold and scarce food.
Eg: Bears, bats, and certain rodents.
Aestivation: It is summer dormancy prompted by high temperatures and dry conditions. Animals during estivation seek shelter in cool places like underground burrows, crevices, or cocoons.
Eg: Desert tortoises, West African lungfish, snails and earthworms.
Brumation: It is winter dormancy state observed in cold-blooded reptiles and amphibians, particularly in temperate regions, in response to cold temperatures.
Eg : snakes, turtles, and lizards.
Eg: Bears, bats, and certain rodents.
Aestivation: It is summer dormancy prompted by high temperatures and dry conditions. Animals during estivation seek shelter in cool places like underground burrows, crevices, or cocoons.
Eg: Desert tortoises, West African lungfish, snails and earthworms.
Brumation: It is winter dormancy state observed in cold-blooded reptiles and amphibians, particularly in temperate regions, in response to cold temperatures.
Eg : snakes, turtles, and lizards.
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)
πJute - Golden fibre
Kharif crop.
Doesn't produce toxic gases while burning
100% biodegradable
India is the largest producer (WB>Odisha)
but Bangladesh is the largest exporter.
Kharif crop.
Doesn't produce toxic gases while burning
100% biodegradable
India is the largest producer (WB>Odisha)
but Bangladesh is the largest exporter.
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)
βCoffee - Coffee board is a statutory body.
HQ - Banglore.
Kharif crop.
Standing water crop β
Slopping agriculture or contour farming.
(Example of plantation crop)
India is the 7th largest producer but
largest producer of Robusta coffee
(variety).
HQ - Banglore.
Kharif crop.
Standing water crop β
Slopping agriculture or contour farming.
(Example of plantation crop)
India is the 7th largest producer but
largest producer of Robusta coffee
(variety).
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)
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πBuddhist Terminology
β Pratyeka Buddhas: Beings who have attained enlightenment without guidance but have not taught it to the world.
β Arhat: Who have achieved Nirvana.
β Bodhisattva: Abeing about to become Buddha shows charity and helper of man.
β Sramanas/Bhikshu: Buddhist monks.
β Upasakas: Lay followers.
β Mahaparinirvana: Final blowing out, death.
β Arya-Atthangikamagga: Noble eight-fold path.
β Ashtamahasthanas: Eight holy places.
β Tathagata: One of the titles of Buddha.
β Prajna Parimita : Female deity of perfection and insight associated with Mahayana.
β Anatta: Soullessness.
β Samnera: Buddhist monks before being introduced into sangha as full-fledged member.
β Paramita: 10 percepts (vows) observed by monks.
β Pratimoksa: Rules of 150 articles (a part of Vinay Pitaka).
β Skandhakas: Monastic rules.
β Poshadha: Fortnightly meeting in Sanghas.
β Siddha: Perfected being in Vajrayana.
β Sakra: Gold identical with Indra used by the monks.
β Sangha: Buddhist order.
β Vassa: Retreat during rainy season by the monks.
β Sangharam: Resting place for monks.
β Vihara: Buddhist monastery.
β Pravajya: Initial ordination for old and experienced monks.
β Sramanas: Buddhist monks, in general.
β Upajjhaya: Spiritual leader.
β Sanketas: Four noble truths.
β Upasotha/Roya: Days of fast on full moon, new moon and two quarter moon days in a month.
β Chaitya: Temples of Buddhists.
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Join @CSE_EXAM
β Pratyeka Buddhas: Beings who have attained enlightenment without guidance but have not taught it to the world.
β Arhat: Who have achieved Nirvana.
β Bodhisattva: Abeing about to become Buddha shows charity and helper of man.
β Sramanas/Bhikshu: Buddhist monks.
β Upasakas: Lay followers.
β Mahaparinirvana: Final blowing out, death.
β Arya-Atthangikamagga: Noble eight-fold path.
β Ashtamahasthanas: Eight holy places.
β Tathagata: One of the titles of Buddha.
β Prajna Parimita : Female deity of perfection and insight associated with Mahayana.
β Anatta: Soullessness.
β Samnera: Buddhist monks before being introduced into sangha as full-fledged member.
β Paramita: 10 percepts (vows) observed by monks.
β Pratimoksa: Rules of 150 articles (a part of Vinay Pitaka).
β Skandhakas: Monastic rules.
β Poshadha: Fortnightly meeting in Sanghas.
β Siddha: Perfected being in Vajrayana.
β Sakra: Gold identical with Indra used by the monks.
β Sangha: Buddhist order.
β Vassa: Retreat during rainy season by the monks.
β Sangharam: Resting place for monks.
β Vihara: Buddhist monastery.
β Pravajya: Initial ordination for old and experienced monks.
β Sramanas: Buddhist monks, in general.
β Upajjhaya: Spiritual leader.
β Sanketas: Four noble truths.
β Upasotha/Roya: Days of fast on full moon, new moon and two quarter moon days in a month.
β Chaitya: Temples of Buddhists.
#pre_revision
Join @CSE_EXAM
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πNilgiri tahr:-
β The Nilgiri tahr is the only mountain ungulate in southern India amongst the 12 species present in India.
β It is also the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
β Habitat: open montane grassland habitat of the South Western Ghats montane rain forests eco-region.
β Distribution: It is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the Western Ghats in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
β Eravikulam National Park is home to the largest population of this Tahr.
β It has become locally extinct in around 14% of its traditional shola forest-grassland habitat.
β Unique feature: The Adult males of Nilgiri Tahr species develop a light grey area or βsaddleβ on their backs and are hence called βSaddlebacksβ
Cultural significance:-
β The species is locally known as Varaiaadu.
β There are multiple references to the Nilgiri Tahr in Tamil Sangam literature dating back to 2,000 years.
β The late Mesolithic (10,000-4,000 BC) paintings highlight the significance of the Tahr in folklore, culture, and life.
Population decrease:
β The Nilgiri tahr, which used to be found along the entire stretch of the Western Ghats.
β It is presently found only in small fragmented pockets.
β A large part of its population has been wiped out from its historical range.
Threats:
β Habitat loss
β Hunting
β Poaching
β Climate Change
β Invasive plants such as wattles, pines, and eucalyptus.
Conservation Status:-
β IUCN: Endangered
β Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972: Schedule I
β The Nilgiri tahr is the only mountain ungulate in southern India amongst the 12 species present in India.
β It is also the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
β Habitat: open montane grassland habitat of the South Western Ghats montane rain forests eco-region.
β Distribution: It is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the Western Ghats in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
β Eravikulam National Park is home to the largest population of this Tahr.
β It has become locally extinct in around 14% of its traditional shola forest-grassland habitat.
β Unique feature: The Adult males of Nilgiri Tahr species develop a light grey area or βsaddleβ on their backs and are hence called βSaddlebacksβ
Cultural significance:-
β The species is locally known as Varaiaadu.
β There are multiple references to the Nilgiri Tahr in Tamil Sangam literature dating back to 2,000 years.
β The late Mesolithic (10,000-4,000 BC) paintings highlight the significance of the Tahr in folklore, culture, and life.
Population decrease:
β The Nilgiri tahr, which used to be found along the entire stretch of the Western Ghats.
β It is presently found only in small fragmented pockets.
β A large part of its population has been wiped out from its historical range.
Threats:
β Habitat loss
β Hunting
β Poaching
β Climate Change
β Invasive plants such as wattles, pines, and eucalyptus.
Conservation Status:-
β IUCN: Endangered
β Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972: Schedule I