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A few notes on the Papacy affirmed in the early ecumenical counsels:

1. Council of Ephesus (431):

- The pope’s legate declared that the pope is the successor of Peter and exercises his authority in every age
- The council fathers did not object to this claim—in fact, they applauded it.

2. Third Council of Constantinople (680–681):
- Pope Agatho wrote that the Roman Church has never erred in preserving apostolic tradition, citing Christ’s prayer for Peter’s unfailing faith (Luke 22:32)
- The council fathers praised this letter as being written with apostolic authority.

3. Second Council of Nicaea (787):

- Pope Hadrian asserted that the Roman See, as Peter’s seat, holds authority forever and cannot err in doctrine due to Christ’s promise.
- The council explicitly accepted and approved these claims.

Today with the help of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Rosary a massive invading ottoman fleet was repelled

Defending Christianity in Europe by praying the Rosary

What Is a Plenary Indulgence?

A plenary indulgence is the complete remission of the temporal punishment due to sin, granted by the Church through the merits of Christ and the saints, to souls who are properly disposed (that is, free from attachment to sin and in a state of grace).

It doesn’t forgive sin (that’s what Confession does), but it removes the temporal consequences of forgiven sin.

In short:

Sin → guilt and punishment.

Confession → removes guilt.

Indulgence → removes punishment.

1. Scriptural Foundations - Though the term “indulgence” itself doesn’t appear in the Bible, the principle behind it—that the Church can apply the merits of Christ and the saints to remit temporal punishment—is rooted deeply in Scripture.

a. The Communion of Saints

> “If one member suffers, all suffer together; if one member is honored, all rejoice together” — 1 Corinthians 12:26

This shows the mystical solidarity of all believers in Christ. The Church teaches that the merits of Christ and His saints can benefit others — because we are one Body.

b. The Power to Bind and Loose

> “Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven” — Matthew 16:19; 18:18; John 20:23

This authority, given to Peter and the apostles, includes not only forgiving sin but also remitting its temporal effects. The Church, guided by the Holy Spirit, exercises this “power of the keys” when granting indulgences.

c. Temporal Punishment After Forgiveness

> “Nevertheless, because by this deed you have utterly scorned the LORD, the child that is born to you shall die” — 2 Samuel 12:13–14

David’s sin was forgiven (“The LORD has put away your sin”), but temporal punishment remained.

This shows that forgiveness doesn’t always remove the consequences of sin. Indulgences address this residual debt.

d. Prayers and Sacrifices for the Dead

> “It is therefore a holy and wholesome thought to pray for the dead, that they may be loosed from sins” — 2 Maccabees 12:46

This passage (accepted in Catholic canon) demonstrates belief in purification after death (Purgatory) and that the living can assist the dead through prayer and sacrifice — precisely what indulgences do.

e. St. Paul’s Penance Example

> “For such a one this punishment by the majority is enough… so you should rather turn to forgive and comfort him” — 2 Corinthians 2:6–7

Here, the early Church imposed and later lessened a temporal penance. This is an early form of the indulgence principle: the Church mediating reconciliation and remission.

2. Traditional (Historical) Development

a. Apostolic Times

From the earliest centuries, the Church imposed public penances for sins — sometimes lasting years. Bishops, with authority from the apostles, could shorten or remit these penances for just causes -> This was the primitive form of indulgences.

b. Early Church Fathers

Tertullian (2nd–3rd century) wrote of the Church’s power to forgive and mitigate penances.
St. Cyprian of Carthage (3rd century) allowed martyrs’ merits to be applied to the lapsed for remission of penances.

> “The peace given by the martyrs may help to release the penitent” (Epistle 10)

This practice of applying the spiritual merits of others prefigures indulgences.

c. Middle Ages

By the 11th century, indulgences were codified: the Church formally recognized that, through her treasury of merits — the infinite merits of Christ, the Blessed Virgin Mary, and the saints — she could remit temporal punishments.

The Council of Trent (1545–1563), reacting to Protestant misunderstandings, affirmed indulgences as legitimate and beneficial when properly understood:

> “Christ gave the Church the power to grant indulgences, and the use of them is most salutary for the Christian people” (Session 25)

3. Theological Understanding

Indulgences rest on three key doctrines:

1. The Communion of Saints — the spiritual solidarity of all members of Christ’s Body.

2. The Church’s authority to bind and loose — a direct gift of Christ.

3. The Treasury of Merits — the superabundant merits of Christ and His saints which the Church administers.

Thus, when you receive a plenary indulgence, you’re drawing from the infinite mercy of Christ — applied to your soul by His Church.

4. Requirements for a Plenary Indulgence - To gain a plenary indulgence, the faithful must:

1. Be in a state of grace (no mortal sin).

2. Have complete detachment from all sin, even venial.

3. Sacramental confession (within about 20 days).

4. Holy Communion (preferably on the same day).

5. Pray for the intentions of the Pope (usually 1 Our Father and 1 Hail Mary).

6. Perform the indulgenced act (e.g., praying the Rosary in church, reading Scripture for 30 minutes, making a Holy Hour, etc.).

5. Summary

Aspect Explanation - Rooted in Scripture Authority to bind/loose, temporal punishment after forgiveness, prayers for the dead
Witness in Tradition Early bishops remitting penances, martyrs’ merits applied to others

Theological Basis - Communion of Saints and Church’s authority
Purpose To help souls (ours or the departed) reach full purification and union with God

Final Reflection - Plenary indulgences show that Christ’s mercy overflows through His Mystical Body, the Church.

They’re not “buying forgiveness,” but a beautiful expression of divine mercy, solidarity among believers, and the Church’s maternal care for souls — living and departed.

> “Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ… who comforts us in all our afflictions, so that we may be able to comfort those who are in any affliction” — 2 Corinthians 1:3–4

The Council of Florence stated the following about hell:

The souls of those who depart this life in actual mortal sin, or in original sin alone, go down straight away to hell to be punished, but with unequal pains (Session 6 — July 6,1439).

Those who have done good shall go into eternal life, but those who have done evil shall go into eternal fire (Session 8 — Nov. 22, 1439).

[The holy Roman church] firmly believes, professes, and preaches that all those who are outside the Catholic Church, not only pagans but also Jews or heretics and schismatics, cannot share in eternal life and will go into the everlasting fire which was prepared for the devil and his angels, unless they are joined to the Catholic Church before the end of their lives; that the unity of the ecclesiastical body is of such importance that only for those who abide in it do the Church’s sacraments contribute to salvation and do fasts, almsgiving and other works of piety and practices of the Christian militia produce eternal rewards; and that nobody can be saved, no matter how much he has given away in alms and even if he has shed his blood in the name of Christ, unless he has persevered in the bosom and the unity of the Catholic Church (Session 11 — Feb. 4, 1442).

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Ave Christux Rex Ave Maria

We would like to ignore suffering, hide it, and pretend it is not there, but reality forces us to face it in spite of ourselves. Some are made holy by embracing it, and others become bitter and resentful by refusing it. It makes some strong and crushes others. Some will never acknowledge its presence in their lives, but somehow everyone realizes that this game of “pretend” destroys and disfigures the soul.

#Mother_Angelica | 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝑾𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏